Assertion (A): The vertical division of powers is called the theory of separation of powers. Reasons (R): The Constitution of India does not provide for a rigid separation of powers.
Explanation:
Assertion (A) is false. The vertical division of powers refers to the distribution of power between different levels of government (e.g., central, state, local), which is characteristic of a federal system. The theory of separation of powers, on the other hand, refers to the horizontal division of governmental powers among the three organs: legislature, executive, and judiciary. Reason (R) is true. The Indian Constitution adopts a system of checks and balances rather than a strict or rigid separation of powers, allowing for functional overlap and interdependence among the three branches.