Explanation:

A 'logical error' occurs when a program compiles and runs without crashing, but produces incorrect or unintended results because of a flaw in the program's logic or algorithm. For example, if a calculation should be $A + B$ but is mistakenly written as $A - B$, this is a logical error. Option (b) 'Syntax error' refers to violations of the programming language's grammar rules, which prevent the code from compiling or being interpreted. Option (c) 'Procedural error' is not a standard term in this context. Option (d) 'Compiler error' is a type of error detected by the compiler, often due to syntax errors, preventing the program from being built. Option (e) 'Machine error' typically refers to hardware malfunctions or low-level system issues, not a mistake in the algorithm itself. Thus, a logical error directly causes incorrect results from a running algorithm.