Explanation:

In digital electronics, the fundamental building block for storing a single bit of information is a memory element. Let's analyze the given options: * **(a) Register**: A register is a collection of multiple flip-flops, typically $n$ flip-flops to store an $n$-bit word. While a register stores data, it is not the *basic* component; rather, it is constructed *from* basic storage elements. Think of it as a small memory unit, but its constituent parts are more fundamental. * **(b) Derived logic gates**: Derived logic gates, such as NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR gates, are combinational logic circuits. This means their output at any given time depends solely on their current inputs. They do not have memory capabilities and cannot store data. They perform logical operations but do not retain state. * **(c) Flip-flop**: A flip-flop is a bistable multivibrator, meaning it has two stable states (representing 0 and 1) and can store one bit of binary information. It is the most fundamental sequential logic circuit that possesses memory. All other more complex memory elements like registers, counters, and RAM cells are ultimately built using flip-flops or similar latching mechanisms. Therefore, it is the basic component for storing data. * **(d) Counter**: A counter is a specific type of sequential circuit that uses flip-flops to count events. It stores a count value, which changes based on input clock pulses. Like a register, a counter is built using flip-flops as its core storage elements. Thus, it is a higher-level functional block, not the basic storage component itself. \nConsidering the options, the flip-flop is the elementary unit capable of storing a single bit of data, making it the basic component for data storage in digital circuits.