The Saguna and Nirguna Bhakti movements transformed regional literatures into vehicles of popular devotion. Vernacular adaptations of the Epics flourished—Awadhi via Tulsidas's Ramcharitmanas, Bengali via Krittibas's Ramayana, Braj Bhasha poetry, and Marathi Abhangas by Tukaram—making spiritual and philosophical themes accessible across rural and urban masses.