Question 1

Why is India opposed to mediation on Kashmir?

Accepted Answer

India's consistent stance on the Kashmir issue is that it is a bilateral matter between India and Pakistan, to be resolved through direct dialogue, as enshrined in the Shimla Agreement of 1972 and the Lahore Declaration of 1999. India views any third-party mediation as an infringement on its sovereignty and an attempt to internationalize an issue that it considers an integral part of its territory. The Indian government maintains that the entire Jammu and Kashmir, including areas occupied by Pakistan, is Indian territory. Inviting external mediation would, in India's view, legitimize Pakistan's claims and complicate a sensitive matter further. Historically, India has observed that mediation attempts have often exacerbated tensions rather than facilitating a resolution. Therefore, India firmly rejects any external intervention, emphasizing that a lasting solution can only be achieved through peaceful, direct negotiations with Pakistan, without any third-party involvement.

Question 2

Critically examine the jurisdiction of International Court of Justice.

Accepted Answer

The International Court of Justice (ICJ) serves as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, adjudicating disputes between states and providing advisory opinions. Its jurisdiction, however, is fundamentally based on the consent of states, which is a critical aspect for examination. In contentious cases, the ICJ can only hear disputes where states have explicitly consented to its jurisdiction, either through a special agreement (ad hoc), a clause in a treaty, or by accepting the optional clause of the ICJ Statute (compulsory jurisdiction). Many states, however, attach reservations to their acceptance of the optional clause, limiting the scope of the Court's authority. This reliance on consent is a significant limitation, as states can simply refuse to appear before the Court or ignore its rulings if they haven't consented. Furthermore, the ICJ's jurisdiction is limited to states, meaning individuals, non-governmental organizations, or international organizations cannot directly bring cases before it. While the UN Security Council can enforce ICJ judgments, its effectiveness is often hampered by the veto power of its permanent members, introducing political considerations into legal enforcement. The Court also provides advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by authorized UN organs and specialized agencies; these are not legally binding but carry considerable moral and legal authority. Critics argue that the ICJ's lack of inherent compulsory jurisdiction and weak enforcement mechanisms, coupled with the political nature of international relations, often undermine its effectiveness in resolving global disputes, making it more of a forum for legal clarification than a powerful enforcer of international law.

Question 3

Throw light on the challenges and problems of farmers and agriculture sector in Uttar Pradesh. Suggest measures for improvement.

Accepted Answer

Uttar Pradesh, a predominantly agrarian state, faces numerous challenges in its agriculture sector. A primary issue is the fragmentation of landholdings, leading to uneconomical farming and hindering mechanization. Farmers often grapple with inadequate irrigation facilities, making them heavily reliant on erratic monsoons, which results in significant crop losses during droughts or floods. Poor market access, lack of proper storage infrastructure, and price volatility force distress sales, reducing farmers' income. Access to institutional credit remains a hurdle, pushing many towards informal moneylenders and perpetuating debt cycles. The adoption of modern farming techniques, quality seeds, and appropriate fertilizers is also low due to lack of awareness and financial constraints. Climate change further exacerbates these problems through unpredictable weather patterns. To address these issues, several measures are crucial. Enhancing irrigation infrastructure through canal networks, tube wells, and promoting micro-irrigation techniques is vital. Strengthening market linkages by improving rural roads, establishing more cold storage facilities, and promoting farmer producer organizations (FPOs) can ensure better prices. Expanding access to institutional credit, crop insurance schemes, and timely loan waivers can alleviate debt burdens. Promoting modern agricultural practices, high-yielding varieties, and precision farming through effective extension services can boost productivity. Furthermore, encouraging crop diversification, value addition through food processing, and allied activities like dairy farming can enhance farmers' income stability. Investing in agricultural research and development tailored to local conditions is also essential for long-term sustainable growth.

Question 4

What are electoral bonds? Are they capable of bringing transparency in the Political funding system?

Accepted Answer

Electoral bonds were financial instruments introduced by the Indian government in 2017, designed to allow individuals and corporate entities to donate money to political parties anonymously. These bonds, issued in multiples by the State Bank of India, could be purchased by donors and then given to eligible political parties, which could encash them within 15 days. The stated objective was to promote transparent political funding by ensuring that donations came from legitimate, KYC-compliant sources, thereby reducing the use of black money. However, electoral bonds largely failed to bring transparency to the political funding system; in fact, they were widely criticized for doing the opposite. The key issue was the anonymity of the donor to the public. While the government and the issuing bank knew the donor's identity, this information was withheld from the public and opposition parties. This opacity made it impossible for citizens to know who was funding which political party, fostering concerns about quid pro quo arrangements, crony capitalism, and undue corporate influence on policy-making. Critics argued that the scheme created an uneven playing field, potentially favoring the ruling party which could access donor information. The Supreme Court of India, in February 2024, struck down the electoral bond scheme as unconstitutional, citing its violation of citizens' right to information and free speech, and asserting that it undermined electoral transparency. Thus, electoral bonds proved to be a mechanism that facilitated opaque political funding rather than promoting transparency.

Question 5

What has been the impact of Self-Help Groups (SHG's) on India's rural life? Describe.

Accepted Answer

Self-Help Groups (SHGs) have profoundly impacted India's rural life, particularly by fostering socio-economic empowerment among marginalized communities, predominantly women. Economically, SHGs provide a crucial platform for micro-credit, enabling members to access small loans for income-generating activities such as agriculture, livestock rearing, and small businesses, without relying on exploitative moneylenders. They promote a culture of savings, enhancing financial discipline and inclusion among the rural poor. This access to finance has spurred entrepreneurship, leading to increased household incomes and improved livelihoods, directly contributing to poverty alleviation. Socially, SHGs have been instrumental in empowering women. By bringing women together, they enhance their self-confidence, decision-making power within families and communities, and mobility. SHGs often serve as forums for collective action, addressing various social issues like health, education, sanitation, and even combating social evils like domestic violence and child marriage. They facilitate skill development and capacity building, equipping members with new knowledge and abilities. The collective strength of SHGs has also led to greater participation in local governance and public life, giving a voice to those traditionally marginalized. Overall, SHGs have transformed rural landscapes by fostering economic independence, social cohesion, and a sense of agency among the rural populace, significantly contributing to inclusive development.

Question 6

प्रवासी भारतीयों का भारत के आर्थिक व्यवस्था में योगदान पर एक संक्षिप्त टिप्पणी लिखिये। (उत्तर 125 शब्दों में दीजिये) Write a short note on the contribution of the Indian diaspore towards economic sturcture in India. (Answer in 125 words).

Accepted Answer

The Indian diaspora, a vast and diverse community spread across the globe, plays a pivotal role in bolstering India's economic structure through various channels. Their contributions are multifaceted, ranging from financial remittances to knowledge transfer and investment. Primarily, remittances from Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) are a significant source of foreign exchange for India, often surpassing Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in magnitude. These funds not only boost the country's foreign exchange reserves but also contribute directly to household consumption, savings, and investment, particularly in states with high emigration rates. This inflow helps stabilize the balance of payments and provides a cushion against external shocks. Beyond remittances, the diaspora contributes substantially through investments. NRIs invest in various sectors, including real estate, stock markets, and direct entrepreneurial ventures, bringing in much-needed capital and fostering economic growth. Their engagement in FDI and portfolio investments further integrates India into the global financial system. Furthermore, the Indian diaspora acts as a crucial bridge for technology transfer and knowledge sharing. Highly skilled professionals in fields like IT, healthcare, and engineering often bring back expertise, best practices, and innovative ideas, contributing to India's human capital development and technological advancement. They facilitate collaborations, research partnerships, and access to global networks, which are vital for India's competitive edge in the global economy. Culturally and diplomatically, the diaspora enhances India's soft power, promoting Indian products, services, and culture globally, thereby opening new markets and fostering trade relationships. Their success stories abroad also inspire entrepreneurship and skill development within India. In essence, the Indian diaspora is an invaluable asset, acting as an economic powerhouse, a source of innovation, and a gl

Question 7

भारत की संघीय व्यवस्था किस प्रकार से अमरीकी (यू.एस.ए.) संघीय व्यवस्थास भिन्न है? व्याख्या करें। (उत्तर 125 शब्दों में दीजिये) In what ways does the Indian federal-system differ from the federal system in United States of Amerisa (USA)? Explain (Answer in 125 words)

Accepted Answer

While both India and the United States operate under a federal system, there are fundamental differences in their structure and operational dynamics. These distinctions reflect their historical contexts, constitutional philosophies, and political evolutions. One primary difference lies in the nature of the federation. The US is a 'true' federation, formed by an agreement among independent states that voluntarily came together, granting limited powers to the federal government while retaining significant autonomy. India, on the other hand, is often described as a 'quasi-federal' system with a strong unitary bias. It is a 'Union of States' where states did not come together by agreement and have no right to secede. The Indian federation was created by the division of powers within a pre-existing unitary state. Citizenship is another key differentiator. The US has a system of dual citizenship, where individuals are citizens of both the United States and the state in which they reside. India, in contrast, adopts a single citizenship, meaning all citizens owe allegiance only to the Union of India, fostering national unity. The division of powers also varies significantly. In the US, the federal government has enumerated powers, and all residuary powers (powers not explicitly assigned) rest with the states. In India, while powers are divided into Union, State, and Concurrent Lists, the residuary powers are vested with the Union Parliament, indicating a stronger central government. Furthermore, the Indian Constitution is more flexible and detailed compared to the relatively rigid and brief US Constitution. India also has an integrated judiciary with the Supreme Court at the apex, while the US has a dual judicial system with separate federal and state courts. India's emergency provisions grant the central government extensive powers to transform the federal structure into a unitary one during crises, a feature largely absent in the US system. The appointment of state govern

Question 8

राज्य सभा के उन विशिष्ट शक्तियों का वर्णन कीजिये, जो की भारतीय संविधान के अंतर्गत लोकसभा को प्राप्त नहीं हैं। (उत्तर 125 शब्दों में दीजिये) Describe those special powers of the council of states (Rajya Sahba) which are not enjoyed by the Lok Sabha, under the Indian constitution. (Answer in 125 words

Accepted Answer

The Rajya Sabha, or the Council of States, possesses certain unique powers under the Indian Constitution that are not enjoyed by the Lok Sabha. These special powers primarily reflect its role as the representative of the states in the federal structure and its function as a house of continuity. One significant power is enshrined in Article 249, which allows the Rajya Sabha to declare, by a resolution supported by a two-thirds majority, that it is necessary or expedient in the national interest for Parliament to make laws on a matter enumerated in the State List. Once such a resolution is passed, Parliament can legislate on that state subject for a period of one year, which can be extended. Another exclusive power is granted by Article 312, which enables the Rajya Sabha to authorize Parliament to create new All India Services (e.g., Indian Administrative Service, Indian Police Service) common to both the Union and the states. This requires a resolution passed by a two-thirds majority of members present and voting. Furthermore, the Rajya Sabha has a special role concerning the removal of the Vice-President. A resolution for the removal of the Vice-President can only be initiated and passed by a majority in the Rajya Sabha and then agreed to by the Lok Sabha. This is because the Vice-President is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. In situations where the Lok Sabha is dissolved or not in session, the Rajya Sabha plays a crucial role in approving proclamations of emergency (under Articles 352, 356, and 360). While the Lok Sabha's approval is eventually required, the Rajya Sabha can provide initial approval, ensuring continuity in governance during critical times. These powers underscore the Rajya Sabha's importance in safeguarding states' interests and maintaining the federal balance.

Question 9

भारत के आमचुनाव में मतदाता निरीक्षण पेपर ऑडिट ट्रायल (VVPAT) के प्रयोग का मूल्यांकन कीजिये। (उत्तर 125 शब्दों में दीजिये) Evaluate the use of VVPAT in the General Election of India. (Answer in 125 words)

Accepted Answer

The introduction of Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) machines in India's general elections has been a significant step towards enhancing transparency, verifiability, and voter confidence in the electoral process. VVPATs provide a physical paper trail of votes cast electronically, allowing voters to verify that their vote has been recorded correctly. Benefits of VVPAT: 1. Increased Transparency and Trust: VVPATs address concerns about the integrity of Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) by providing a visual confirmation to the voter that their chosen candidate's name and symbol have been registered. This bolsters public trust in the electoral system. 2. Auditability: The paper slips generated by VVPATs serve as an independent verifiable record. In case of disputes or discrepancies, these slips can be manually counted and compared with the electronic count from the EVM, facilitating a robust audit mechanism. This cross-verification capability is crucial for ensuring accuracy and deterring potential manipulation. 3. Deterrent to Malpractice: The presence of a verifiable paper trail acts as a deterrent against any attempts to tamper with EVMs, as any discrepancy would be detectable during the audit process. 4. Voter Satisfaction: Voters can physically see their vote being cast, which adds a layer of satisfaction and confidence in the democratic process. Challenges and Criticisms: 1. Cost and Logistics: The procurement, storage, transportation, and maintenance of VVPAT machines, along with the paper rolls, add significant costs and logistical complexities to election management. 2. Counting Discrepancies: While rare, minor discrepancies between EVM counts and VVPAT slip counts have occurred, leading to debates about the reliability of the system and the need for clearer protocols. 3. Speed of Counting: Manual counting of VVPAT slips, especially if a larger percentage is mandated for verification, can significantly slow down the vote counting process. Overall Eva

Question 10

भारत के नियंत्रक एवं महालेखा परीक्षक की संवैधानिक स्थिति का परीक्षण कीजिये। (उत्तर 125 शब्दों में दीजिये) Examine the Constitutional Position of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India. (Answer in 125 words)

Accepted Answer

The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India holds a pivotal constitutional position, established as an independent authority to audit all receipts and expenditures of the Union and State governments, as well as public sector undertakings and bodies substantially financed by the government. Articles 148 to 151 of the Indian Constitution define the CAG's office, powers, and duties, making it one of the cornerstones of India's democratic accountability framework. Constitutional Safeguards for Independence: 1. Appointment and Tenure: The CAG is appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal. The term of office is six years or until the age of 65, whichever is earlier. This fixed tenure ensures stability and freedom from political pressure. 2. Removal Process: The CAG can only be removed from office by the President on the same grounds and in the same manner as a judge of the Supreme Court – that is, by an order of the President passed after an address by both Houses of Parliament, supported by a special majority, on grounds of proved misbehaviour or incapacity. This stringent removal process guarantees security of tenure and protects the CAG from executive interference. 3. Conditions of Service: The salary and other conditions of service of the CAG are determined by Parliament and cannot be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment. His salary is charged upon the Consolidated Fund of India, meaning it is not subject to the vote of Parliament, further reinforcing financial independence. 4. Ineligibility for Further Office: After demitting office, the CAG is not eligible for further office either under the Government of India or any state government. This provision prevents the CAG from seeking future favours from the executive, ensuring impartiality during their tenure. 5. Administrative Powers: The administrative expenses of the CAG's office, including salaries, allowances, and pensions of persons serving in that office, are also charged upo

Question 11

How will the withdrawal of U.S. Troops from Afghanistan affect India? Comment. (Answer in 200 words)

Accepted Answer

The withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan has significant and multifaceted implications for India, primarily impacting its security, regional stability, and geopolitical standing. From a security perspective, India faces heightened concerns about the resurgence of the Taliban and the potential for Afghanistan to become a haven for various terrorist groups. This could lead to an increase in cross-border terrorism, particularly affecting the Kashmir region, and embolden extremist elements in India's neighborhood. The instability could also fuel a refugee crisis, impacting India indirectly. Geopolitically, the U.S. withdrawal creates a vacuum that other regional powers, notably Pakistan, China, and Russia, are keen to fill. Pakistan's influence in Afghanistan is likely to increase, which is a strategic disadvantage for India, given their strained relations. China might leverage the situation to expand its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and strategic footprint in Central Asia, further encircling India. India's substantial investments in Afghanistan, ranging from infrastructure projects to humanitarian aid, face uncertainty and potential risks. India will need to recalibrate its foreign policy, engage more actively with regional stakeholders, and strengthen its own security apparatus to mitigate these challenges. The situation necessitates a delicate balancing act for India to protect its interests while promoting peace and stability in the extended neighborhood.

Question 12

Discuss the nature of India-China relations in the light of OBOR. (Answer in 200 words)

Accepted Answer

India-China relations have been characterized by a complex mix of cooperation and competition, with the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), also known as One Belt, One Road (OBOR), significantly exacerbating existing tensions. India has consistently opposed the BRI, primarily due to sovereignty concerns, as the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), a flagship project of BRI, passes through Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK), which India claims as its territory. This directly challenges India's territorial integrity. Beyond sovereignty, India views BRI as a strategic move by China to expand its geopolitical influence, particularly in the Indian Ocean region through the 'String of Pearls' strategy, which could encircle India. India also expresses concerns about the lack of transparency, environmental sustainability, and the potential for 'debt-trap diplomacy' associated with BRI projects, which could burden smaller nations with unsustainable debt. This has led to increased mistrust and a deepening of the strategic rivalry between the two Asian giants. While both countries are major trading partners, the BRI has become a major point of contention, contributing to the overall strained relationship, alongside ongoing border disputes and competition for regional influence. India has responded by promoting its own connectivity initiatives and strengthening alliances with like-minded countries to counter China's growing assertiveness.

Question 13

The action of India Government on Article 370 has changed the Status-Quo in Jammu and Kashmir. How will it effect the development in the region? Discuss. (Answer in 200 words)

Accepted Answer

The abrogation of Article 370 and Article 35A, and the reorganization of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) into two Union Territories (J&K and Ladakh), fundamentally altered the region's constitutional status, with significant implications for its development. Proponents argue that this move will unlock J&K's developmental potential by fully integrating it with the rest of India. The application of all central laws, including those related to education, healthcare, labor, and welfare schemes, is expected to bring J&K on par with other states, improving governance and service delivery. Crucially, the removal of Article 35A, which restricted land ownership to permanent residents, is anticipated to attract external investment in industries like tourism, horticulture, and manufacturing. This influx of capital and expertise could create employment opportunities, boost economic growth, and improve infrastructure. Furthermore, marginalized communities, including women and Scheduled Castes/Tribes, who previously faced discriminatory laws, are now expected to benefit from equal rights and opportunities. However, challenges remain. Initial periods saw economic disruption due to security measures. Concerns persist among some locals about potential demographic changes and loss of cultural identity. For sustained development, it is crucial to address these anxieties, ensure local political participation, maintain peace, and implement development projects transparently and inclusively, fostering trust and genuine progress.

Question 14

Discuss the reasons, objectives and functions of NITI Aayog and describe the recently re-organised NITAI Aayog. (Answer in 200 words)

Accepted Answer

NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India) was established in 2015, replacing the erstwhile Planning Commission, primarily due to the latter's top-down, centralized approach which was deemed unsuitable for India's diverse federal structure and evolving economic landscape. The key reason for its formation was to foster cooperative federalism, allowing states to play a more active role in policy formulation. The primary objectives of NITI Aayog include developing a shared vision of national development priorities, formulating credible long-term strategic frameworks, and providing expert advice to both central and state governments. It aims to act as a think-tank, offering strategic and technical guidance on policy matters, and promoting knowledge, innovation, and entrepreneurial support systems. Its core functions involve designing policy and program frameworks, fostering cooperative federalism through structured support mechanisms for states, monitoring and evaluating program implementation, and serving as a platform for inter-sectoral and inter-departmental coordination. The term 'NITAI Aayog' appears to be a misnomer or a typo; the institution is known as NITI Aayog. The 're-organisation' likely refers to its fundamental structure, which is inherently designed to be more inclusive and dynamic than its predecessor, featuring a Governing Council (comprising the Prime Minister, Chief Ministers of all states, and LGs of UTs), Regional Councils, and a full-time organizational framework with a Vice-Chairperson, CEO, and expert members, ensuring broad-based consultation and expertise in policy-making.

Question 15

What are the main issues related to poverty and hunger? (Answer in 200 words)

Accepted Answer

Poverty and hunger are deeply intertwined global challenges, each exacerbating the other. The main issues related to poverty include income inequality, where wealth is concentrated among a few, leaving a large segment of the population with insufficient resources. This often translates into a lack of access to basic services like quality education, healthcare, clean water, and sanitation, perpetuating a cycle of deprivation. Unemployment or underemployment, coupled with a lack of productive assets (like land or capital), further traps individuals in poverty. Social exclusion, based on caste, gender, or ethnicity, also limits opportunities and access to resources for vulnerable groups. Furthermore, the poor are highly susceptible to economic shocks, natural disasters, and health crises, which can push them deeper into destitution. Hunger, on the other hand, is primarily characterized by food insecurity – the lack of consistent access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food. This leads to various forms of malnutrition, including undernutrition (stunting, wasting, micronutrient deficiencies) and, paradoxically, overnutrition due to diets lacking essential nutrients. Key drivers of hunger include poverty itself, as people cannot afford food; food waste throughout the supply chain; climate change impacting agricultural productivity; and conflicts leading to displacement and disruption of food systems. Inadequate infrastructure for food storage, transportation, and market access also contributes significantly to food loss and limited availability, especially in remote areas. Addressing these issues requires a multi-pronged approach focusing on economic empowerment, social safety nets, sustainable agriculture, and equitable distribution systems.

Question 16

Clarify E-governance. Explain the features and advantages of E-governance. What are the main challenges before it? (Answer in 200 words)

Accepted Answer

E-governance refers to the application of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to deliver government services, exchange information, facilitate communication transactions, and integrate various stand-alone systems and services. Its core aim is to improve efficiency, effectiveness, transparency, and accountability in governance. Key features of E-governance include digital service delivery through online portals and mobile applications, enhanced transparency by making government data and processes publicly accessible, and improved efficiency through automation of administrative tasks. It promotes citizen-centricity by making services available 24/7 and from any location, fostering greater accessibility and convenience. The advantages are manifold: it leads to improved public services that are faster and more convenient, significantly reduces corruption by minimizing human interface, and enhances transparency and accountability in government operations. E-governance also streamlines administrative processes, leading to greater efficiency and potentially substantial cost savings in the long run. It empowers citizens by providing easier access to information and services, fostering greater participation. However, E-governance faces several significant challenges. The 'digital divide' remains a major hurdle, as unequal access to technology and internet connectivity, particularly in rural areas, excludes many citizens. Cybersecurity threats, including data breaches and hacking, pose risks to sensitive information. A lack of digital literacy among both citizens and government employees can hinder adoption. Inadequate infrastructure, such as unreliable power supply and internet, is another barrier. Other challenges include interoperability issues between different government systems, bureaucratic resistance to change, high initial investment costs, and the need for robust legal and regulatory frameworks to ensure data privacy and security.

Question 17

In the monsoon session of the Indian Parliament in 2019, Amendments were made in the anti-terror law and the Right to information Act. What are the significant changes as a result of these Amendments? Analyse.

Accepted Answer

The 2019 monsoon session of the Indian Parliament witnessed significant amendments to two crucial legislations: the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), India's primary anti-terror law, and the Right to Information (RTI) Act. These changes brought about substantial shifts in their respective operational frameworks. Amendments to the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA): The most significant change to the UAPA was the empowerment of the central government to designate individuals as 'terrorists'. Prior to this amendment, only organizations could be designated as terrorist entities. This change allows the government to impose travel bans, freeze assets, and attach properties of individuals suspected of involvement in terrorism, even if they are not part of a designated terrorist organization. The rationale behind this amendment was to address the evolving nature of terrorism, where individuals might act independently or form new groups not yet proscribed. While proponents argued it strengthens India's counter-terrorism efforts, critics raised concerns about potential misuse, the lack of adequate due process for individuals, and the possibility of targeting dissent under the guise of national security, thereby impinging on civil liberties. Amendments to the Right to Information (RTI) Act: The amendments to the RTI Act primarily targeted the terms and conditions of service for the Chief Information Commissioner (CIC) and Information Commissioners (ICs) at both the central and state levels. Originally, the RTI Act, 2005, provided for a fixed five-year tenure for these commissioners and equated their salaries and allowances to those of the Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissioners, respectively. The 2019 amendment removed these provisions, empowering the central government to prescribe the term of office, salaries, allowances, and other terms and conditions of service for the CIC and ICs. This change significantly diluted the autonomy and indep

Question 18

Examine Right to Equality as a Fundamental Right in the Constitution of India.

Accepted Answer

The Right to Equality, enshrined in Articles 14 to 18 of the Indian Constitution, forms the bedrock of India's democratic and egalitarian aspirations. It is a fundamental right that guarantees equal treatment to all citizens, aiming to establish a society free from discrimination and privilege. Article 14: Equality Before Law and Equal Protection of Laws This article is the cornerstone of the Right to Equality. 'Equality before law' signifies that no person is above the law, and all individuals, irrespective of their status, are subject to the ordinary law of the land administered by ordinary law courts. It is a negative concept, implying the absence of any special privilege. 'Equal protection of laws,' on the other hand, is a positive concept, meaning that among equals, the law should be equal and should be equally administered, and that like should be treated alike. This allows for reasonable classification based on intelligible differentia, provided the classification has a rational relation to the object sought to be achieved by the law. Article 15: Prohibition of Discrimination on Grounds of Religion, Race, Caste, Sex or Place of Birth This article prohibits the State from discriminating against any citizen on these specific grounds. It also allows the State to make special provisions for women and children, and for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, thereby enabling affirmative action to address historical disadvantages. Article 16: Equality of Opportunity in Matters of Public Employment Article 16 guarantees equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State. It prohibits discrimination on the same grounds as Article 15. Crucially, it also allows the State to make provisions for the reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of the Stat

Question 19

Write a short note on the emergence and use of alternative dispute redressal mechanisms in India.

Accepted Answer

Alternative Dispute Redressal (ADR) mechanisms have emerged as a vital component of India's justice delivery system, offering alternatives to traditional court litigation. Their rise is primarily attributed to the burgeoning backlog of cases in courts, the prohibitive costs and inordinate delays associated with conventional litigation, and the need for more amicable, efficient, and specialized dispute resolution processes. Emergence: The formal recognition and promotion of ADR in India gained significant momentum in the late 20th century, influenced by global trends and judicial activism. The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, modelled on the UNCITRAL Model Law, provided a robust legal framework for arbitration and conciliation. The Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, established Lok Adalats (People's Courts) to facilitate amicable settlements. Subsequent amendments to the Code of Civil Procedure (CPC) in 1999 mandated courts to explore ADR options before proceeding to trial, further institutionalizing their use. The judiciary has also actively encouraged ADR, recognizing its potential to decongest courts and provide accessible justice. Use and Types: ADR mechanisms in India encompass several forms, each suited to different types of disputes: 1. Arbitration: This is a formal process where parties agree to submit their dispute to a neutral third party (arbitrator or arbitral tribunal) whose decision (award) is legally binding and enforceable, similar to a court decree. It is widely used in commercial, contractual, and international trade disputes due to its confidentiality, speed, and specialized expertise. 2. Conciliation: In conciliation, a neutral third party (conciliator) assists the parties in reaching a mutually acceptable settlement. The conciliator's role is to facilitate communication, identify issues, and suggest options, but they do not impose a decision. It is often used in family disputes, labour disputes, and pre-litigation settlements. 3. Mediat

Question 20

Describe the composition and functions of Central Bureau of Investigation (C.B.I.) in India.

Accepted Answer

The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is India's premier investigating agency, responsible for a wide range of criminal and national security-related cases. It operates under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions, Government of India, and derives its powers from the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act, 1946. Composition: The CBI is headed by a Director, who is an IPS officer of the rank of Director General of Police (DGP). The Director is appointed by a high-powered committee comprising the Prime Minister (as Chairperson), the Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha (or the leader of the single largest opposition party), and the Chief Justice of India (or a Supreme Court Judge nominated by the CJI). This selection process aims to ensure the independence of the agency's head. The CBI comprises several specialized divisions, each with distinct functions: 1. Anti-Corruption Division: Investigates cases of corruption and fraud against public servants of the Central Government, Public Sector Undertakings, and financial institutions. 2. Economic Offences Division: Deals with major financial scams, bank frauds, cybercrime, import-export and foreign exchange violations, and other sophisticated economic crimes. 3. Special Crimes Division: Investigates serious and sensational crimes like murder, kidnapping, terrorism, and organized crime, when referred by the Central Government, State Governments, or ordered by the Supreme Court or High Courts. 4. Policy & International Police Cooperation Division: Handles policy matters, coordinates with Interpol, and facilitates international investigations. 5. Administration Division: Manages the internal administration, logistics, and personnel of the CBI. 6. Directorate of Prosecution: Provides legal advice and handles the prosecution of cases investigated by the CBI. 7. Central Forensic Science Laboratory (CFSL): Provides scientific and forensic support to investigations. The agency is staffe

UPPSC Mains 2018 Paper 2

20 Questions Available

UPPSC Mains 2018 Paper 2

20 Questions Available

Question 1: Why is India opposed to mediation on Kashmir?

Question 2: Critically examine the jurisdiction of International Court of Justice.

Question 3: Throw light on the challenges and problems of farmers and agriculture sector in Uttar Pradesh. Suggest measures for improvement.

Question 4: What are electoral bonds? Are they capable of bringing transparency in the Political funding system?

Question 5: What has been the impact of Self-Help Groups (SHG's) on India's rural life? Describe.

Question 11: How will the withdrawal of U.S. Troops from Afghanistan affect India? Comment. (Answer in 200 words)

Question 12: Discuss the nature of India-China relations in the light of OBOR. (Answer in 200 words)

Question 13: The action of India Government on Article 370 has changed the Status-Quo in Jammu and Kashmir. How will it effect the development in the region? Discu

Question 14: Discuss the reasons, objectives and functions of NITI Aayog and describe the recently re-organised NITAI Aayog. (Answer in 200 words)

Question 15: What are the main issues related to poverty and hunger? (Answer in 200 words)

Question 16: Clarify E-governance. Explain the features and advantages of E-governance. What are the main challenges before it? (Answer in 200 words)

Question 17: In the monsoon session of the Indian Parliament in 2019, Amendments were made in the anti-terror law and the Right to information Act. What are the si

Question 18: Examine Right to Equality as a Fundamental Right in the Constitution of India.

Question 19: Write a short note on the emergence and use of alternative dispute redressal mechanisms in India.

Question 20: Describe the composition and functions of Central Bureau of Investigation (C.B.I.) in India.