Question 1

Describe the financial relations between the Centre and States in India.

Accepted Answer

The financial relations between the Centre and States in India are a critical aspect of its federal structure, meticulously outlined in Part XII (Articles 268 to 293) of the Constitution. These relations govern the allocation of taxing powers, distribution of revenues, and provisions for grants-in-aid, aiming to ensure fiscal autonomy for states while maintaining national economic stability and addressing regional disparities. 1. Allocation of Taxing Powers: The Constitution clearly demarcates the taxing powers between the Union and State governments through the Seventh Schedule. The Union List (List I) enumerates subjects on which Parliament has exclusive power to levy taxes (e.g., customs duties, corporation tax, income tax on non-agricultural income, excise duties on tobacco and certain goods). The State List (List II) grants exclusive power to State Legislatures to levy taxes (e.g., land revenue, agricultural income tax, excise duties on alcoholic liquors, sales tax/VAT on certain goods, professional tax). The Concurrent List (List III) does not contain any tax entries, meaning there are no concurrent taxing powers. 2. Distribution of Tax Revenues: The Constitution provides for various mechanisms for the distribution of tax revenues: Taxes levied by the Centre but collected and appropriated by the States (Article 268): E.g., stamp duties, excise duties on medicinal and toilet preparations. These are minor in scope. Taxes levied and collected by the Centre but assigned to the States (Article 269): E.g., inter-state trade taxes before GST. These revenues are entirely for the states. Taxes levied and collected by the Centre and distributed between Centre and States (Article 270): This is the most significant category, covering taxes like income tax (excluding corporate tax) and Union excise duties. The distribution is determined by the Finance Commission. Surcharge on certain duties and taxes (Article 271): Parliament can levy a surcharge on taxes mentioned in Arti

Question 2

‘Citizen charter in India could not become effective. There is a need to make it effective and meaningful’– Evaluate.

Accepted Answer

The concept of a Citizen's Charter, aimed at making public services more citizen-centric, transparent, and accountable, was introduced in India in the late 1990s. While intended to empower citizens by clearly stating the standards of service, information, choice, non-discrimination, access, grievance redressal, and courtesy they can expect, its implementation in India has largely been ineffective and has fallen short of its stated objectives. Several factors contribute to its ineffectiveness. Firstly, there is a lack of awareness among both citizens and service providers about the existence and contents of these charters. Many citizens are unaware of their rights and the services promised, while frontline staff often lack proper training and commitment to uphold the charter's provisions. Secondly, the charters are often formulated unilaterally by government departments without adequate consultation with citizens or civil society organizations, leading to unrealistic promises and a lack of ownership. Thirdly, a significant drawback is the absence of legal backing for most charters, rendering them non-justiciable. This means there are no legal consequences for failing to deliver services as promised, thus diluting accountability. Furthermore, the charters frequently suffer from poor design, being too generic, vague, or not clearly defining service standards, timelines, and redressal mechanisms. The lack of a robust and independent grievance redressal system is another critical flaw; often, the same department responsible for service delivery is also responsible for addressing complaints, leading to a conflict of interest and ineffective resolution. Finally, resistance from bureaucracy due to a lack of motivation, fear of increased accountability, and insufficient resources (human and financial) further hampers their successful implementation. To make Citizen's Charters effective and meaningful, a comprehensive reform approach is necessary. Firstly, they must be given

Question 3

How the issues related to hunger and poverty in India are impinging upon electoral politics?

Accepted Answer

The pervasive issues of hunger and poverty profoundly impact electoral politics in India, shaping political discourse, voter behavior, party manifestos, and policy priorities. These fundamental challenges often become central to election campaigns, as political parties seek to capitalize on the distress of a significant portion of the electorate. Firstly, hunger and poverty directly influence voter behavior. A large segment of the population, particularly in rural and semi-urban areas, faces daily struggles for sustenance and economic security. For these voters, promises of food security, poverty alleviation schemes, employment generation, and direct benefit transfers often become decisive factors in their electoral choices. Parties that credibly address these concerns or offer immediate relief measures tend to garner significant support. Secondly, these issues drive the formulation of party manifestos and electoral promises. Political parties across the spectrum include elaborate plans for poverty reduction, food subsidies, employment guarantees (like MGNREGA), housing for the poor, and social welfare schemes (e.g., free rations, cooking gas cylinders, financial assistance for women or farmers). These promises are not merely rhetorical; they are often designed to appeal directly to the needs of the economically vulnerable, aiming to create specific 'vote banks'. Thirdly, hunger and poverty contribute to anti-incumbency sentiments. If an incumbent government is perceived to have failed in addressing these basic needs, it often faces significant public backlash, leading to electoral defeat. Conversely, successful implementation of welfare programs aimed at alleviating hunger and poverty can bolster a party's chances of re-election. Fourthly, these issues can lead to populist policies. To secure votes, parties might announce short-term, often fiscally unsustainable, measures such as loan waivers, freebies, or excessive subsidies. While these might provide temporary re

Question 4

The Preamble of the Constitution affirms the basic features of the Constitution and the promotion of human dignity-Elucidate.

Accepted Answer

The Preamble to the Constitution of India serves as an introductory statement, embodying the philosophy, ideals, and aspirations of the Constitution. It acts as a key to understanding the fundamental values and the overarching vision of the Indian state, thereby affirming its basic features and unequivocally promoting human dignity. Firstly, the Preamble declares India to be a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic. These terms encapsulate the foundational characteristics of the Indian polity. 'Sovereign' signifies India's independence from external control. 'Socialist' implies a commitment to social and economic equality, aiming to reduce disparities. 'Secular' ensures equal respect for all religions and non-discrimination on religious grounds. 'Democratic' establishes a government by the people, for the people, through elected representatives. 'Republic' means the head of the state is elected, not hereditary. These core principles define the very nature of the Indian state and its governance. Secondly, the Preamble outlines the noble objectives of the Constitution: to secure for all its citizens Justice – social, economic, and political; Liberty – of thought, expression, belief, faith, and worship; Equality – of status and opportunity; and to promote among them all Fraternity – assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation. These objectives are not merely ideals but are the pillars upon which the entire constitutional edifice rests. It is in these objectives that the promotion of human dignity is most explicitly and profoundly affirmed. The concept of 'Justice' – social, economic, and political – directly contributes to dignity by ensuring fair treatment, equitable distribution of resources, and equal participation, thereby preventing exploitation and marginalization that erode human worth. 'Liberty' in its various forms (thought, expression, belief, faith, worship) is fundamental to human dignity. It recognizes the

Question 5

Critically examine the impact and role of Political parties in the Indian Political System.

Accepted Answer

Political parties are indispensable to the functioning of India's democratic political system, acting as vital intermediaries between the state and citizens. They aggregate diverse interests, articulate public opinion, and provide a structured mechanism for governance. However, their impact and role are subject to both significant contributions and critical challenges. Positive Impact and Role: 1. Representation and Aggregation of Interests: Indian political parties, with their vast networks, represent a multitude of social, economic, and regional interests. They aggregate these diverse demands into coherent policy platforms, ensuring that various segments of society have a voice in the political process. 2. Electoral Mobilization and Participation: Parties are crucial for mobilizing voters, conducting campaigns, and facilitating electoral participation. They educate the electorate on issues, candidates, and government policies, thereby strengthening democratic engagement. 3. Policy Formulation and Governance: Parties in power translate their manifestos into public policies and programs, providing a framework for governance. The opposition parties, conversely, scrutinize government actions, offer alternative policies, and hold the ruling party accountable, contributing to better governance. 4. Political Socialization and Education: Parties play a role in socializing citizens into the political culture, fostering democratic values, and educating them about political processes and issues. 5. Maintaining Stability: In a diverse country like India, parties often act as unifying forces, bringing together different groups under a common banner. Coalition governments, though sometimes unstable, demonstrate the capacity of parties to negotiate and form alliances, ensuring governmental stability. Critical Examination and Challenges: 1. Lack of Internal Democracy: A significant criticism is the absence of internal democracy within many parties. Decisions are often centralized

Question 6

Discuss the role of Non-Government Organizations in the process of Policy formulation.

Accepted Answer

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) play a multifaceted and increasingly significant role in the policy formulation process, acting as crucial intermediaries between the state and civil society. Their involvement enhances the democratic nature of governance by bringing diverse perspectives and ground-level realities into policy debates. Firstly, NGOs serve as advocacy groups, representing the interests of marginalized communities, specific causes (e.g., environment, human rights, women's empowerment), or particular sectors. Through lobbying, public campaigns, and direct engagement with policymakers, they push for the inclusion of their concerns in the policy agenda. They often highlight issues that might otherwise be overlooked by mainstream political discourse. Secondly, NGOs contribute significantly to research and data collection. Many organizations conduct extensive studies, surveys, and impact assessments, generating valuable evidence that informs policy decisions. This data can expose gaps in existing policies, identify emerging problems, and propose innovative solutions, thereby providing an empirical basis for policy formulation. Thirdly, NGOs act as watchdogs and monitors, scrutinizing government policies and their implementation. By evaluating the effectiveness of programs and policies, they provide feedback that can lead to adjustments, reforms, or the formulation of new, more effective policies. This oversight function enhances transparency and accountability in governance. Fourthly, they facilitate public awareness and mobilization. NGOs educate citizens about their rights, policy implications, and avenues for participation. They mobilize public opinion and build consensus around specific policy issues, creating a demand-side pressure that policymakers cannot ignore. Fifthly, many NGOs possess specialized expertise and practical experience in specific domains. They often work directly with communities, understanding their needs and challenges firsthan

Question 7

भारतीय संसद की कार्यप्रणाली में संसदीय समितियों की भूमिका का वर्णन करें। Describe the role played by Parliamentary Committees in the functioning of Indian Parliament.

Accepted Answer

Parliamentary committees are indispensable to the effective and efficient functioning of the Indian Parliament. They serve as crucial mechanisms for detailed scrutiny, oversight, and expert consultation, which are often difficult to achieve in the full House due to time constraints, large membership, and political dynamics. Their role can be understood through several key functions: 1. Detailed Scrutiny of Legislation: One of the primary roles of these committees is to examine bills in detail. When a bill is referred to a committee, members from various political parties, often working in a less partisan environment, can thoroughly analyze its provisions, hear from experts, stakeholders, and government officials, and suggest amendments. This meticulous process ensures that proposed laws are well-considered, technically sound, and address potential issues before they are debated and passed by the full Parliament. 2. Accountability and Oversight of the Executive: Committees play a vital role in holding the executive accountable. Departmentally Related Standing Committees (DRSCs), for instance, scrutinize the demands for grants of various ministries, their annual reports, and long-term policy documents. Financial committees like the Public Accounts Committee (PAC), Estimates Committee, and Committee on Public Undertakings examine government expenditures, financial irregularities, and the efficiency of public sector undertakings, thereby ensuring fiscal discipline and transparency. 3. Expert Consultation and Informed Decision-Making: Committees provide a platform to involve experts, academics, civil society representatives, and affected parties in the legislative and policy-making process. This brings diverse perspectives, technical knowledge, and practical insights to complex issues, leading to more informed and robust decisions than might be possible in the general debates of the House. 4. Consensus Building and Bipartisan Cooperation: In the often-polarized environme

Question 8

जी-20 शिखर सम्मेलन 2021 (रोम) के प्रमुख विषय के बारे में टिप्पणी कीजिये। Comment on the main theme of the G-20 Summit held in 2021 (Rome).

Accepted Answer

The G20 Summit held in Rome, Italy, on October 30-31, 2021, under Italy's presidency, was guided by the overarching theme of "People, Planet, Prosperity." This theme was strategically chosen to address the multifaceted challenges facing the global community, particularly in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, and to foster a more sustainable, inclusive, and resilient future. Let's delve into each component of this theme: 1. People: This pillar focused on human well-being, social inclusion, and addressing inequalities. The discussions under this theme were heavily influenced by the ongoing global health crisis and its socio-economic ramifications. Key areas included: Global Health: A paramount concern was strengthening global health systems, ensuring equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines, diagnostics, and therapeutics, and enhancing preparedness for future pandemics. The Rome Declaration emphasized the importance of global health cooperation and a 'One Health' approach. Employment and Social Protection: Leaders discussed strategies to promote decent work, mitigate the pandemic's impact on labor markets, and strengthen social safety nets to protect vulnerable populations. Education: Ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education and promoting lifelong learning opportunities were also key aspects, recognizing the critical role of human capital development. 2. Planet: This pillar addressed critical environmental issues, climate change, and sustainable development. It was a particularly significant focus given that the summit immediately preceded the COP26 climate conference in Glasgow. Key discussions included: Climate Change: G20 leaders committed to ambitious climate action, reaffirming their dedication to the Paris Agreement goals and the objective of limiting global warming to 1.5°C. A notable outcome was the commitment to end international public financing for new unabated coal power generation by the end of 2021. Biodiversity: Protecting and restoring ecosystem

Question 9

भारत एवं नेपाल के मध्य तनावपूर्ण संबंधों के पीछे चीनी कारक की भूमिका की विवेचना कीजिये। Discuss the role of Chinese factor behind strained relations between India and Nepal.

Accepted Answer

The relationship between India and Nepal, traditionally characterized by deep historical, cultural, and people-to-people ties, has experienced periods of strain in recent years. While several bilateral issues contribute to this, the growing influence of China in Nepal is increasingly seen as a significant factor exacerbating these tensions. China's strategic and economic overtures have provided Nepal with an alternative to its traditional reliance on India, thereby altering the geopolitical dynamics of the region. China's Growing Economic Influence: 1. Infrastructure Development: China has significantly invested in Nepal's infrastructure, including roads, railways (e.g., the proposed Trans-Himalayan railway), hydropower projects, and communication networks, often under its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). These projects offer Nepal much-needed development assistance and an alternative to India-backed projects, which are sometimes perceived as slow or insufficient. 2. Trade and Transit Diversification: As a landlocked country, Nepal has historically been heavily dependent on India for transit and trade. China has offered Nepal access to its ports and transit facilities, aiming to reduce Nepal's singular reliance on India. This diversification is strategically important for Nepal to assert its economic sovereignty. 3. Tourism and Investment: Chinese tourists and investors have increased their presence in Nepal, contributing to its economy and offering an alternative source of foreign direct investment. China's Political and Diplomatic Engagement: 1. High-Level Engagements: There has been a noticeable increase in high-level political exchanges and diplomatic visits between China and Nepal, signaling closer political ties and a more active Chinese role in Nepal's foreign policy considerations. 2. Support for Nepal's Sovereignty: China often emphasizes its respect for Nepal's sovereignty and non-interference in its internal affairs. This stance sometimes resonates positiv

Question 10

उत्तर प्रदेश की राजस्व व्यवस्था के समक्ष मुख्य चुनौतियाँ क्या हैं? What are the major challenges before the revenue system of Uttar Pradesh?

Accepted Answer

Uttar Pradesh (UP), as India's most populous state, faces a complex set of challenges in its revenue system. A robust and efficient revenue system is fundamental for funding essential public services, infrastructure development, and welfare schemes. However, UP's revenue generation and management are hampered by several structural, administrative, and economic issues. Here are the major challenges before the revenue system of Uttar Pradesh: 1. Limited Tax Base and Low Tax-to-GSDP Ratio: Dominance of Agriculture: A significant portion of UP's economy is still agrarian, and agricultural income is largely exempt from direct taxation, limiting the state's direct tax base. Large Informal Economy: A substantial part of the state's economic activity operates in the informal sector, making it difficult to bring under the formal tax net and accurately assess taxable income or transactions. Lower Per Capita Income: Compared to more industrialized states, UP's lower per capita income translates to lower consumption and income tax potential, impacting overall tax buoyancy. 2. Inefficient Tax Collection and Administration: Leakages and Evasion: Despite reforms like GST, tax evasion remains a significant problem across various revenue streams, including property tax, stamp duty, and state GST. This leads to substantial revenue loss. Administrative Capacity: The revenue administration often grapples with issues such as inadequate staffing, lack of modern technology adoption, and insufficient capacity building for tax officials, hindering efficient collection and enforcement. Corruption: Instances of corruption at various levels of tax administration can lead to revenue leakages, undermine public trust, and create an uneven playing field for taxpayers. 3. High Dependence on Central Transfers: Fiscal Imbalance: UP heavily relies on transfers from the central government (share in central taxes, grants-in-aid) to meet its expenditure needs. This high dependence limits its fiscal auton

Question 11

उन मुख्य उपायों की विवेचना कीजिये जिनके द्वारा भारतीय संसद कार्यपालिका पर नियंत्रण रखती है। Discuss the main methods by which the Parliament of India controls the executive.

Accepted Answer

In a parliamentary democracy like India, the executive (Council of Ministers) is collectively responsible to the legislature (Parliament). This principle necessitates robust mechanisms for parliamentary control over the executive to ensure accountability, transparency, and responsiveness. The Indian Parliament employs various methods to keep the executive in check. Main Methods of Parliamentary Control over the Executive: 1. Financial Control: Budgetary Process: Parliament scrutinizes the annual budget presented by the government. No money can be spent or tax levied without parliamentary approval. Members discuss the budget, vote on demands for grants, and can propose cut motions (policy cut, economy cut, token cut) to express disapproval or suggest reductions in expenditure. Post-Budgetary Scrutiny: Parliamentary committees like the Public Accounts Committee (PAC), Estimates Committee, and Committee on Public Undertakings examine government expenditure, audit reports (CAG), and efficiency of public enterprises. They ensure that funds are utilized properly and economically. 2. Legislative Control: Law-making Power: The executive's policies and programs require legislative backing. Parliament debates and passes bills, scrutinizing the proposed laws and ensuring they align with public interest and constitutional principles. Delegated Legislation: Parliament delegates some of its legislative power to the executive. However, it maintains control through committees on delegated legislation, which ensure that the executive does not overstep its authority. 3. Deliberative and Discussion Devices: These are crucial for holding the executive accountable on a day-to-day basis. Question Hour: The first hour of every parliamentary sitting is dedicated to questions asked by members to ministers, who are obliged to answer. This allows members to seek information, raise public grievances, and hold the executive accountable for its actions and inactions. Zero Hour: Immediately after

Question 12

सार्वजनिक धन के सरंक्षक के रूप में, भारत के नियंत्रक एवं मालेखा परीक्षक की भूमिका का परीक्षण कीजिये। Examine the role of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) in India as the costodian of public money.

Accepted Answer

The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India is a pivotal constitutional authority established under Article 148 of the Indian Constitution. Often described as the 'guardian of the public purse' and the 'chief guardian of public finance,' the CAG's role is critical in ensuring accountability and transparency in the financial administration of the Union and State governments. Its independence and extensive powers make it a formidable watchdog over public money. Role of CAG as the Custodian of Public Money: 1. Auditing Government Accounts: The primary role of the CAG is to audit all receipts and expenditures of the Union and State governments, including those of bodies and authorities substantially financed from the Consolidated Fund of India or State. This includes government companies and corporations. 2. Ensuring Financial Accountability: The CAG ensures that public funds are spent legally, properly, and efficiently. It conducts various types of audits: Legal/Regularity Audit: Checks if expenditure conforms to the laws, rules, and regulations. Propriety Audit: Examines the 'wisdom, faithfulness, and economy' of government expenditure, questioning instances of extravagance or waste, even if technically legal. Performance/Efficiency Audit: Assesses whether government programs and schemes are achieving their objectives effectively, efficiently, and economically. 3. Reporting to Parliament/State Legislatures: The CAG submits its audit reports to the President (for Union accounts) or the Governor (for State accounts), who then lay them before Parliament or the respective State Legislature. These reports are then scrutinized by parliamentary committees, particularly the Public Accounts Committee (PAC), which further holds the executive accountable. 4. Advising Government: The CAG provides advice to the President on the form in which accounts of the Union and states should be kept, and can offer expert opinions on financial matters. 5. Highlighting Irregularities: T

Question 13

आर्कटिक परिषद की संरचना एवं कार्यकरण पर एक संक्षिप्त टिप्पणी लिखिये। Write a short note on the structure and functioning of the Arctic Council.

Accepted Answer

The Arctic Council is a high-level intergovernmental forum that promotes cooperation, coordination, and interaction among the Arctic States, Indigenous peoples, and other Arctic inhabitants on common Arctic issues, particularly those related to sustainable development and environmental protection. It was established in 1996 by the Ottawa Declaration. Structure of the Arctic Council: 1. Member States: The Council comprises eight Arctic States, which are countries with territory within the Arctic Circle. These are: Canada, Denmark (representing Greenland and the Faroe Islands), Finland, Iceland, Norway, the Russian Federation, Sweden, and the United States. 2. Permanent Participants: A unique feature of the Arctic Council is the inclusion of six Indigenous organizations as Permanent Participants. These organizations represent the majority of Arctic Indigenous peoples and have full consultation rights in the Council's deliberations. They include the Arctic Athabaskan Council, Gwich'in Council International, Inuit Circumpolar Council, Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North (RAIPON), Saami Council, and Aleut International Association. 3. Observer States: Non-Arctic states (e.g., India, China, Japan, UK, Germany, France, South Korea, Singapore) and intergovernmental/inter-parliamentary organizations can apply for Observer status. Observers can attend Council meetings, participate in working group activities, and contribute financially, but they do not have voting rights. 4. Chairmanship: The Chairmanship of the Arctic Council rotates every two years among the eight Arctic States. The Chair is responsible for guiding the Council's work program and hosting ministerial meetings. 5. Senior Arctic Officials (SAOs): Each Arctic State and Permanent Participant designates a Senior Arctic Official. The SAOs meet regularly to oversee the Council's activities, implement ministerial decisions, and manage the work of the various working groups. 6. Working Groups: Much

Question 14

अफगानिस्तान में भारत के 'साफ्ट पावर' राजनय के कारणों का मूल्यांकन कीजिये। Evaluate the reaons of India's 'Soft Power' diplomacy in Afganistan.

Accepted Answer

India's 'soft power' diplomacy in Afghanistan refers to its ability to influence the country through attraction and persuasion, rather than coercion. This approach leverages India's cultural appeal, democratic values, development assistance, and historical ties to build goodwill and foster a positive image among the Afghan people. The reasons behind India's reliance on soft power in Afghanistan are multifaceted and strategically significant. Reasons for India's Soft Power Diplomacy in Afghanistan: 1. Historical and Cultural Linkages: India and Afghanistan share deep historical and cultural ties, dating back centuries. This includes shared Buddhist heritage (e.g., Bamiyan Buddhas), ancient trade routes, and a long history of cultural exchange. This pre-existing affinity provides a fertile ground for soft power to flourish. 2. Development Assistance and Humanitarian Aid: India has been a significant development partner for Afghanistan, investing over $3 billion in various projects. This includes major infrastructure projects like the Salma Dam (Friendship Dam), the Afghan Parliament building, and Zaranj-Delaram Highway. India also provides extensive humanitarian aid, scholarships for Afghan students, and capacity-building programs. These tangible contributions directly benefit the Afghan people and generate immense goodwill. 3. Shared Democratic Values: As the world's largest democracy, India resonates with the aspirations of many Afghans for a democratic, stable, and inclusive government. India's support for democratic institutions and electoral processes in Afghanistan aligns with these values, positioning India as a natural ally. 4. Countering Regional Influence: India's soft power approach is also a strategic move to counter the influence of other regional players, particularly Pakistan, which has historically been perceived with suspicion by many Afghans. By building strong people-to-people connections, India aims to ensure a friendly and stable neighbor. 5. Econ

Question 15

अब्राहम समझौता पश्चिम एशिया की राजनीति में एक नयी शुरुआत हैं। व्याख्या कीजिये। Abranham Accords are a new beginning in the Politics of West Asia. Explain.

Accepted Answer

The Abraham Accords, signed in 2020, represent a series of normalization agreements between Israel and several Arab nations, including the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Bahrain, Sudan, and Morocco, brokered by the United States. These agreements marked a significant departure from decades of West Asian diplomatic norms and are widely considered a 'new beginning' in the region's politics due to their profound geopolitical implications. Why the Abraham Accords Mark a New Beginning: 1. Breaking the Arab-Israeli Stalemate: Historically, most Arab nations maintained a policy of 'no peace, no recognition, no negotiations' with Israel, linking any normalization to a comprehensive resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the establishment of a Palestinian state. The Abraham Accords shattered this consensus by establishing direct diplomatic ties without a prior resolution of the Palestinian issue, fundamentally altering the regional diplomatic landscape. 2. Shift in Regional Priorities and Alliances: The Accords signaled a major realignment of regional priorities. The traditional Arab-Israeli conflict, while still important, moved from the absolute center of regional diplomacy. Instead, a shared strategic concern over Iran's growing regional influence and nuclear ambitions became a primary driver for cooperation, fostering a de facto alliance between Israel and several Sunni Arab states. 3. Focus on Shared Threats: The agreements were largely motivated by a convergence of interests, particularly the desire to counter what signatory nations perceive as a common threat from Iran and its proxies. This shared security imperative created a new basis for cooperation that transcended historical animosities. 4. Economic and Technological Cooperation: The Accords opened unprecedented avenues for economic, trade, tourism, and technological cooperation between Israel and the signatory Arab states. This includes direct flights, investment, joint ventures in areas like water mana

Question 16

एक जनतांत्रिक व्यवस्था में लोक-सेवाओं की भूमिका का भारत के विशेष संदर्भ में विवेचना कीजिये। Discuss the role of Civil Services in a democratic set-up with special reference to India.

Accepted Answer

In a democratic setup, civil services form the permanent executive, playing a pivotal and indispensable role in governance and public administration. In India, a vast and diverse democracy, their significance is amplified due to the country's unique developmental challenges and constitutional framework. Key Roles of Civil Services in Indian Democracy: 1. Policy Formulation and Implementation: Civil servants provide expert advice to the political executive during policy formulation, drawing on their experience and knowledge. More critically, they are responsible for the meticulous implementation of these policies and programs on the ground, translating legislative intent into tangible outcomes for citizens. 2. Maintaining Law and Order: The All India Services, particularly the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) and Indian Police Service (IPS), are crucial for maintaining peace, security, and public order across the country. They enforce laws, manage crises, and ensure the safety of citizens. 3. Service Delivery and Welfare: Civil services are the primary interface between the government and citizens for delivering essential public services such as healthcare, education, social welfare schemes, and infrastructure development. They ensure that government benefits reach the intended beneficiaries, especially the marginalized and vulnerable sections of society. 4. Advisory Role to Political Executive: Being non-partisan experts, civil servants provide objective and informed advice to ministers, helping them make sound decisions. They offer institutional memory and continuity, especially during changes in government. 5. Ensuring Continuity and Stability: Unlike the political executive, which changes with elections, the civil services provide a stable and continuous administrative machinery. This continuity is vital for the smooth functioning of government and for long-term policy execution. 6. Upholding Rule of Law and Constitutional Values: Civil servants are entrusted

Question 17

केंद्रीय सतर्कता आयोग के गठन व कार्यों का वर्णन करते हुए इसकी सीमाओं का विश्लेषण कीजिये। Describing the composition and functions of the Central Vigilance Commission, analyse It's limitation.

Accepted Answer

The Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) is India's apex integrity institution, established in 1964 on the recommendations of the Santhanam Committee on Prevention of Corruption. It gained statutory status in 2003 with the enactment of the Central Vigilance Commission Act. Its primary role is to inquire into offenses alleged to have been committed under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988, and to supervise vigilance administration in the Central Government. Composition of the CVC: The CVC is a multi-member body comprising: 1. A Central Vigilance Commissioner (Chairperson) 2. Not more than two Vigilance Commissioners (Members) They are appointed by the President of India on the recommendation of a committee consisting of the Prime Minister (Chairperson), the Union Minister of Home Affairs, and the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha. Their tenure is four years or until they attain the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier. They can be removed by the President under specific circumstances, similar to a Supreme Court judge, ensuring their independence. Functions of the CVC: 1. Inquiry and Investigation: The CVC can inquire into offenses alleged to have been committed by public servants under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. It can also direct the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) to investigate such cases. 2. Supervision of Vigilance Administration: It exercises superintendence over the vigilance administration of various Ministries, Departments, and organizations of the Central Government. 3. Advisory Role: The CVC advises the Central Government and its organizations on matters related to vigilance, anti-corruption policies, and procedures. 4. Review of CBI Investigations: It reviews the progress of investigations conducted by the Delhi Special Police Establishment (CBI) into offenses referred to them under the Prevention of Corruption Act. 5. Receiving Complaints: It receives complaints on corruption or misuse of office and recommends appropriate ac

Question 18

महात्मा गांधी राष्ट्रीय ग्रामीण रोजगार गारंटी अधिनियम ग्रामीण गरीबों की गरीबी कम करने का अधिकार देता है, टिप्पणी करें। Mahatam Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act empowers rural poor to alleviate poverty, comment on it.

Accepted Answer

The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), enacted in 2005, is a landmark social security and labor law that guarantees the 'right to work' to rural households in India. It aims to enhance livelihood security in rural areas by providing at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. This act has been instrumental in empowering the rural poor and significantly contributing to poverty alleviation. How MGNREGA Empowers Rural Poor and Alleviates Poverty: 1. Guaranteed Employment and Income Security: By providing a legal guarantee of 100 days of employment, MGNREGA acts as a crucial safety net, especially during lean agricultural seasons or times of distress. This ensures a predictable income flow for rural households, reducing their vulnerability to poverty and economic shocks. 2. Direct Wage Payments: Wages are directly credited to the bank or post office accounts of the beneficiaries, minimizing intermediaries and reducing opportunities for corruption. This direct transfer enhances financial inclusion and ensures that the full wage amount reaches the worker. 3. Asset Creation and Livelihood Enhancement: The works undertaken under MGNREGA focus on creating durable assets such as water conservation structures, irrigation canals, rural roads, and afforestation. These assets improve agricultural productivity, enhance natural resource management, and provide long-term benefits to the community, indirectly supporting livelihoods. 4. Women's Empowerment: The Act mandates that at least one-third of the beneficiaries must be women. This provision has significantly increased women's participation in the workforce, providing them with independent income, enhancing their bargaining power within the household, and improving their social status and decision-making capabilities. 5. Reduced Distress Migration: By providing local employment opportunities, MGNRE

Question 19

'भारतीय संविधान का ढाँचा संघात्मक है, परंतु उसकी आत्मा एकात्मक हैं।' स्पष्ट कीजिये। 'The structure of the Indian Constitution is federal but its soul in Unitary.' Elucidate it.

Accepted Answer

The statement, 'The structure of the Indian Constitution is federal but its soul is unitary,' encapsulates the unique nature of India's constitutional framework. India is often described as a 'quasi-federal' state or a 'federal system with a strong unitary bias' by constitutional experts like K.C. Wheare. This implies that while the Constitution exhibits several features characteristic of a federal system, it also possesses strong centralizing tendencies that make it lean towards a unitary form of government, especially during emergencies or specific circumstances. Federal Features (Structural Aspects): These are the elements that give the Indian Constitution its federal 'structure': 1. Dual Polity: The Constitution establishes a dual government, with the Union at the Centre and states at the periphery, each exercising powers in its own sphere. 2. Written Constitution: India has a comprehensive, written constitution that clearly defines the powers and functions of both the Union and state governments. 3. Supremacy of the Constitution: The Constitution is the supreme law of the land, and both the Centre and states must operate within its framework. 4. Division of Powers: The Seventh Schedule of the Constitution divides legislative powers between the Union and states through the Union List, State List, and Concurrent List. 5. Independent Judiciary: An independent judiciary, headed by the Supreme Court, acts as the interpreter and guardian of the Constitution, resolving disputes between the Centre and states. 6. Bicameralism: The Parliament consists of two houses: the Lok Sabha (representing the people) and the Rajya Sabha (representing the states), reflecting the federal principle. 7. Rigidity of the Constitution: Certain provisions of the Constitution, particularly those affecting the federal structure, require a special majority for amendment, ensuring that states' rights are not easily overridden. Unitary Features (Soul/Spirit Aspects): These are the elements that

Question 20

भारत में पंचायती राज व्यवस्था की सफलताओं को सीमित करने वाली समस्याओं का विश्लेषण करें। इस समस्याओं का सामना करने में 73वाँ संवैधानिक संशोधन कितना सफल रहा है? Analyse the problems that have restricted the successes of Panchayati Raj System in India. How far has the seventy third Constitutional Amendm

Accepted Answer

The Panchayati Raj System (PRS) in India, envisioned as a cornerstone of grassroots democracy, aims to empower local communities and facilitate decentralized governance. While the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 provided a constitutional mandate for PRIs, their full potential has been restricted by several persistent problems. Problems Restricting the Successes of Panchayati Raj System: 1. Lack of Adequate Funds: PRIs often suffer from severe financial constraints. They are heavily dependent on grants from state governments and have limited powers to generate their own revenue through local taxes, fees, or levies. This financial dependency undermines their autonomy and capacity to undertake developmental activities. 2. Inadequate Devolution of Powers (3 Fs - Funds, Functions, Functionaries): Despite the 73rd Amendment, many state governments have been reluctant to genuinely devolve powers, functions, and functionaries to PRIs. State departments often retain control over subjects meant for local governance, leading to a lack of functional autonomy for PRIs. 3. Bureaucratic Interference: State government officials, including district and block level bureaucrats, often overshadow elected PRI representatives. This bureaucratic control can stifle local initiative and decision-making, reducing PRIs to mere implementing agencies rather than self-governing bodies. 4. Political Interference and Factionalism: Party politics, factionalism, and caste-based divisions at the local level can hinder the effective functioning of PRIs. This can lead to non-cooperation, infighting, and a focus on narrow interests rather than community development. 5. Lack of Capacity Building: Many elected PRI members, especially women and those from marginalized communities, lack adequate training, knowledge, and skills to effectively perform their roles. This capacity gap affects their ability to plan, implement, and monitor development programs. 6. Ineffective Gram Sabhas: The Gram Sabha

UPPSC Mains 2021 Paper 2

20 Questions Available

UPPSC Mains 2021 Paper 2

20 Questions Available

Question 1: Describe the financial relations between the Centre and States in India.

Question 2: ‘Citizen charter in India could not become effective. There is a need to make it effective and meaningful’– Evaluate.

Question 3: How the issues related to hunger and poverty in India are impinging upon electoral politics?

Question 4: The Preamble of the Constitution affirms the basic features of the Constitution and the promotion of human dignity-Elucidate.

Question 5: Critically examine the impact and role of Political parties in the Indian Political System.

Question 6: Discuss the role of Non-Government Organizations in the process of Policy formulation.

Question 7: भारतीय संसद की कार्यप्रणाली में संसदीय समितियों की भूमिका का वर्णन करें। Describe the role played by Parliamentary Committees in the functioning of In

Question 8: जी-20 शिखर सम्मेलन 2021 (रोम) के प्रमुख विषय के बारे में टिप्पणी कीजिये। Comment on the main theme of the G-20 Summit held in 2021 (Rome).

Question 10: उत्तर प्रदेश की राजस्व व्यवस्था के समक्ष मुख्य चुनौतियाँ क्या हैं? What are the major challenges before the revenue system of Uttar Pradesh?

Question 13: आर्कटिक परिषद की संरचना एवं कार्यकरण पर एक संक्षिप्त टिप्पणी लिखिये। Write a short note on the structure and functioning of the Arctic Council.

Question 14: अफगानिस्तान में भारत के 'साफ्ट पावर' राजनय के कारणों का मूल्यांकन कीजिये। Evaluate the reaons of India's 'Soft Power' diplomacy in Afganistan.

Question 15: अब्राहम समझौता पश्चिम एशिया की राजनीति में एक नयी शुरुआत हैं। व्याख्या कीजिये। Abranham Accords are a new beginning in the Politics of West Asia. Expl

Question 19: 'भारतीय संविधान का ढाँचा संघात्मक है, परंतु उसकी आत्मा एकात्मक हैं।' स्पष्ट कीजिये। 'The structure of the Indian Constitution is federal but its soul