Question 1

Write a short note on the composition of the Constituent Assembly.

Accepted Answer

The Constituent Assembly of India was formed in 1946 with the monumental task of drafting a constitution for independent India. Its composition was largely based on the recommendations of the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946, which aimed to create a body representative of the diverse Indian population. Initially, the total strength of the Constituent Assembly was fixed at 389 members. These seats were allocated in a specific manner: 1. British Indian Provinces: 292 members were to be allotted to the British Indian Provinces. These seats were further distributed among the provinces roughly in proportion to their respective populations, with one seat allocated for every million people. Within each province, seats were divided among the three principal communities – Muslims, Sikhs, and General (Hindus and all others) – again, in proportion to their population. The representatives from these provinces were to be indirectly elected by the members of the Provincial Legislative Assemblies. This election was conducted using the method of proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote. 2. Princely States: 93 members were reserved for the Indian Princely States. The method of selection for these representatives was different; they were to be nominated by the heads of the respective princely states. This meant that the representatives from the princely states were not elected but rather appointed. 3. Chief Commissioner's Provinces: 4 members were allocated to the Chief Commissioner's Provinces (Delhi, Ajmer-Merwara, Coorg, and British Baluchistan), with each province contributing one representative. The elections for the 292 seats allotted to the British Indian Provinces were held in July-August 1946. The Indian National Congress secured 208 seats, the Muslim League won 73 seats, and the remaining 15 seats were secured by smaller groups and independent members. The princely states, however, initially decided to stay away from the Assembly, and their seats remai

Question 2

Write the role of NITI Aayog in the development of India.

Accepted Answer

NITI Aayog, or the National Institution for Transforming India, replaced the erstwhile Planning Commission in 2015, marking a significant shift in India's development strategy. It functions as the premier policy 'think tank' of the Government of India, providing both directional and policy inputs. Its role in India's development is multi-faceted and crucial: 1. Fostering Cooperative Federalism: NITI Aayog emphasizes 'Team India' approach, promoting cooperative federalism by ensuring greater participation of states in the national development process. It acts as a platform for states to articulate their perspectives and contribute to policy formulation, moving away from a top-down planning model. 2. Knowledge and Innovation Hub: It serves as a repository of knowledge, providing policy and technical advice to the central and state governments. It undertakes research, analyzes policy issues, and identifies best practices from within India and globally to inform development strategies. 3. Monitoring and Evaluation: NITI Aayog is responsible for monitoring the implementation of various government programs and initiatives, evaluating their effectiveness, and suggesting necessary mid-course corrections to achieve desired outcomes. This ensures accountability and efficient resource utilization. 4. Strategic Planning and Policy Formulation: It develops long-term policy frameworks, programs, and initiatives, taking into account national and international developments. This includes drafting vision documents, strategies, and action plans across various sectors like agriculture, health, education, and infrastructure. 5. Facilitating Inter-Sectoral and Inter-Departmental Coordination: The Aayog acts as a common platform to resolve inter-sectoral and inter-departmental issues, fostering synergy among different ministries and departments to achieve holistic development goals. 6. Capacity Building: It focuses on strengthening the institutional and human capacities of states and loc

Question 3

What are the special legislative powers of the Council of States (Rajya Sabha)? Discuss.

Accepted Answer

The Council of States, or Rajya Sabha, is the upper house of India's Parliament. While it shares many legislative powers with the Lok Sabha (House of the People), it possesses certain special powers that underscore its role as a representative of the states and a chamber of continuity. These special legislative powers are primarily designed to protect the interests of the states and ensure the federal balance of the Indian Union: 1. Power to Legislate on State List Subjects (Article 249): The most significant special power of the Rajya Sabha is its ability to authorize Parliament to make laws on a subject enumerated in the State List. If the Rajya Sabha passes a resolution by a two-thirds majority of its members present and voting, declaring that it is necessary or expedient in the national interest for Parliament to legislate on a particular State List subject, then Parliament can make laws on that subject for a period not exceeding one year. This power can be renewed indefinitely, one year at a time. This provision allows the Union to intervene in state matters when deemed necessary for national interest, without permanently encroaching upon state autonomy. 2. Power to Create All India Services (Article 312): The Rajya Sabha has the exclusive power to initiate a resolution for the creation of new All India Services (AIS), common to both the Union and the States. If the Rajya Sabha passes a resolution by a two-thirds majority of its members present and voting, declaring that it is necessary or expedient in the national interest to create one or more new All India Services, Parliament can then provide for such services. This power is crucial for maintaining the unity and efficiency of the administrative structure across the country. 3. Approval of Emergency Proclamations (Articles 352, 356, 360): While proclamations of national emergency, state emergency (President's Rule), or financial emergency generally require approval from both Houses of Parliament, the Rajya S

Question 4

How does the Indian Constitution ensure the independence of the judiciary? Discuss the importance of the basic structure doctrine.

Accepted Answer

The Indian Constitution meticulously lays down provisions to ensure the independence of the judiciary, recognizing it as a cornerstone of a democratic and just society. A free and impartial judiciary is essential to uphold the rule of law, protect fundamental rights, and act as a check on the executive and legislative branches. The mechanisms ensuring judicial independence include: 1. Security of Tenure: Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts are provided with security of tenure. They can only be removed from office by an order of the President on grounds of proved misbehavior or incapacity, following a rigorous impeachment process requiring a special majority in both Houses of Parliament. This protects them from political pressure. 2. Fixed Service Conditions: The salaries, allowances, privileges, leave, and pension of judges are determined by Parliament but cannot be altered to their disadvantage after their appointment. This ensures financial security and prevents the executive from influencing judges through financial means. 3. Expenses Charged on Consolidated Fund: The salaries and allowances of judges, along with the administrative expenses of the Supreme Court and High Courts, are charged on the Consolidated Fund of India/State, respectively. This means they are not subject to the vote of Parliament/State Legislature, further insulating the judiciary from legislative interference. 4. Prohibition on Discussion of Conduct: The Constitution prohibits any discussion in Parliament or a state legislature with respect to the conduct of any judge of the Supreme Court or a High Court in the discharge of his duties, except when an impeachment motion is under consideration. This protects judges from unwarranted criticism and political attacks. 5. Ban on Practice after Retirement: Judges of the Supreme Court are prohibited from practicing in any court or before any authority in India after their retirement. High Court judges are restricted from practicing in any cou

Question 5

Review the contribution of the public distribution system in poverty alleviation.

Accepted Answer

The Public Distribution System (PDS) is a crucial government-sponsored food security program in India, designed to distribute essential food and non-food commodities at subsidized prices to the poor and vulnerable sections of society. Its contribution to poverty alleviation, while significant, has also faced challenges: Contribution to Poverty Alleviation: 1. Ensuring Food Security: The primary role of PDS is to provide a safety net against hunger and malnutrition. By making staple foods like rice, wheat, and sugar available at highly subsidized rates, it ensures that even the poorest households have access to adequate food, thereby directly addressing a critical aspect of poverty. 2. Price Stabilization: PDS helps stabilize the prices of essential commodities in the open market. The availability of subsidized food through PDS prevents exorbitant price increases, especially during periods of scarcity or inflation, thus protecting the purchasing power of the poor and preventing them from falling deeper into poverty. 3. Indirect Income Support: By reducing the expenditure on food, PDS indirectly provides income support to poor households. The money saved on food can then be utilized for other necessities like education, healthcare, or productive investments, contributing to an overall improvement in their living standards. 4. Reducing Vulnerability: PDS acts as a vital social safety net, particularly during economic downturns, natural disasters (like droughts or floods), or other crises. It ensures that vulnerable populations continue to receive essential supplies, preventing widespread distress and starvation, which are common drivers of poverty. 5. Nutritional Support: Regular access to food grains through PDS contributes to improved nutritional outcomes, especially for women and children in poor households. Better nutrition leads to better health, reduced morbidity, and enhanced human capital development, which are essential for breaking the cycle of poverty. 6. Ru

Question 6

What is the role of self help groups in rural development?

Accepted Answer

Self-Help Groups (SHGs) are small, informal associations of people, typically from similar socio-economic backgrounds, who voluntarily come together to save money regularly, contribute to a common fund, and meet their emergency needs through mutual help. Predominantly women-centric, SHGs have emerged as powerful instruments for rural development in India, playing a transformative role across various dimensions: 1. Financial Inclusion and Economic Empowerment: This is the core function of SHGs. They promote a culture of thrift and provide micro-credit to members for consumption and productive purposes, reducing their reliance on exploitative moneylenders. Through the SHG-Bank Linkage Program, they facilitate access to formal credit from banks, enabling members to start or expand small businesses, engage in agriculture, animal husbandry, handicrafts, and other income-generating activities. This direct access to finance and opportunities significantly boosts household incomes and economic independence. 2. Women Empowerment: A vast majority of SHGs are composed of women. Participation in SHGs enhances women's economic independence, decision-making power within the family and community, and overall social status. They gain confidence, develop leadership skills, and become more aware of their rights and entitlements. This collective strength helps them challenge gender norms and address issues like domestic violence and discrimination. 3. Livelihood Diversification and Skill Development: SHGs often act as platforms for members to acquire new skills or upgrade existing ones. They facilitate training in various trades, entrepreneurship development, and market linkages for products made by members. This leads to diversification of livelihoods, moving beyond traditional agriculture and creating more resilient income streams. 4. Social Development and Collective Action: Beyond economic activities, SHGs serve as platforms for collective action on various social issues. Members

Question 7

Examine the role of civil society in Indian administrative development.

Accepted Answer

Civil society in India, comprising a diverse array of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), community-based organizations (CBOs), advocacy groups, trade unions, professional associations, and social movements, plays a critical and evolving role in administrative development. It acts as a vital bridge between the state and citizens, contributing to governance, accountability, and inclusive development. 1. Policy Advocacy and Formulation: Civil society organizations (CSOs) often bring to light issues affecting marginalized and vulnerable populations that might otherwise be overlooked by the administration. Through research, data collection, and expert analysis, they provide valuable inputs for policy formulation, advocating for specific reforms or the inclusion of particular groups' needs. Examples include advocacy for the Right to Information (RTI) Act, environmental protection laws, and policies for women's empowerment. 2. Service Delivery and Implementation: In many areas, especially those with limited government reach or capacity, CSOs step in to deliver essential services. They run schools, healthcare clinics, livelihood programs, and disaster relief operations. By working at the grassroots level, they often have a better understanding of local needs and can implement programs more effectively and sensitively than government agencies alone. This partnership approach enhances the reach and impact of development initiatives. 3. Ensuring Accountability and Transparency: Civil society acts as a crucial watchdog, monitoring government performance, exposing corruption, and demanding accountability from public officials. They use tools like RTI, social audits, and public hearings to scrutinize administrative actions, track the utilization of public funds, and ensure that government schemes reach their intended beneficiaries. This oversight helps in reducing malpractices and improving governance standards. 4. Capacity Building and Awareness Generation: CSOs play a signi

Question 8

India-Maldives relations are linked to mutual interests. Explain.

Accepted Answer

India and Maldives share a deep-rooted relationship characterized by historical, cultural, economic, and strategic ties. This relationship is fundamentally driven by a strong convergence of mutual interests, making both nations indispensable to each other's security, stability, and prosperity. 1. Strategic and Security Interests: Indian Ocean Security: Maldives' geographical location in the Indian Ocean, straddling crucial East-West international shipping lanes, is of immense strategic importance. For India, ensuring the security and stability of the Maldives is vital for its own maritime security and for maintaining peace in the broader Indo-Pacific region. India views the Maldives as a key partner in its 'Neighbourhood First' policy and its vision for 'SAGAR' (Security and Growth for All in the Region). Counter-Terrorism and Radicalization: Both countries face common threats from terrorism and radicalization. They cooperate closely on intelligence sharing, capacity building for security forces, and joint exercises to combat these challenges, which are critical for regional stability. Disaster Management: India has consistently been the first responder to Maldives during natural disasters, providing humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR). This reinforces India's role as a reliable security partner. 2. Economic Interests: Trade and Investment: India is a significant trading partner for Maldives, supplying essential goods and services. Indian companies have invested in various sectors in Maldives, including infrastructure and tourism. Similarly, Maldives benefits from India's large market for its tourism sector. Development Assistance: India has been a consistent development partner for Maldives, extending Lines of Credit (LoCs) and grants for major infrastructure projects (e.g., the Greater Malé Connectivity Project, water and sanitation projects), housing, health, and education. This assistance is crucial for Maldives' economic development and resilienc

Question 9

Describe the organisational structure and funding of the World Health Organization (WHO).

Accepted Answer

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. Its organizational structure is designed to facilitate global health leadership, standard-setting, and support to Member States, while its funding model supports these extensive operations. Organizational Structure: 1. World Health Assembly (WHA): Highest Decision-Making Body: Composed of delegates from all 194 Member States, it is WHO's supreme governing body. Functions: The WHA determines the policies of the Organization, approves the budget, reviews and approves the Director-General's reports, and elects the Director-General. It meets annually, usually in May, in Geneva. 2. Executive Board: Composition: Consists of 34 technically qualified members elected for three-year terms by the WHA. Members are chosen from different regions. Functions: The Executive Board implements the decisions and policies of the WHA, advises it, and generally facilitates its work. It meets twice a year, with a main meeting in January and a shorter one in May, immediately after the WHA. 3. Secretariat: Director-General: The chief technical and administrative officer of the Organization, elected by the WHA for a five-year term. The Director-General leads the Secretariat and is responsible for its day-to-day operations. Staff: Comprises thousands of health experts, doctors, scientists, epidemiologists, administrators, and support staff working at the headquarters, regional offices, and country offices. Functions: The Secretariat carries out the technical and administrative work of WHO, including setting norms and standards, providing technical assistance to countries, conducting research, monitoring health trends, and coordinating responses to health emergencies. 4. Regional Offices (6): WHO has six regional offices, each serving a specific geographical area: Africa (AFRO), Americas (PAHO), South-East Asia (SEARO), Europe (EURO), Eastern Mediterranean (EMRO), and We

Question 10

Discuss India's regional policy towards South-East Asia.

Accepted Answer

India's regional policy towards South-East Asia has undergone a significant evolution, transforming from the 'Look East Policy' initiated in the early 1990s to the more proactive and comprehensive 'Act East Policy' launched in 2014. This shift reflects India's growing strategic and economic imperatives to deepen its engagement with the dynamic economies and strategically vital nations of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the broader Indo-Pacific region. Objectives and Pillars of the Act East Policy: 1. Economic Cooperation and Connectivity: This is a cornerstone of the policy. India aims to enhance trade, investment, and economic integration with South-East Asian countries. Key initiatives include: Trade Agreements: India is a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) partner with ASEAN, seeking to expand market access and reduce trade barriers. Infrastructure Connectivity: Focus on developing multi-modal connectivity (land, sea, and air). Projects like the India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway, Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project, and various port development initiatives aim to physically link India's Northeast with Southeast Asia. Digital Connectivity: Promoting digital linkages and cooperation in the IT sector. Blue Economy: Emphasizing cooperation in maritime affairs, sustainable use of ocean resources, and port development. 2. Strategic and Security Cooperation: Recognizing the geopolitical significance of the Indo-Pacific, India seeks to deepen security ties with South-East Asian nations to ensure regional stability and a rules-based order. This includes: Defense Cooperation: Joint military exercises, training programs, defense equipment sales, and intelligence sharing to combat common threats like terrorism, piracy, and transnational crime. Maritime Security: Collaboration on freedom of navigation, maritime domain awareness, and disaster relief in the Indian Ocean and South China Sea. ASEAN Centrality: India strongly supports ASEAN's centr

Question 11

Analyze the statement, 'State legislatures are often seen as the voice of the states within India's federal structure.'

Accepted Answer

India operates under a quasi-federal system, characterized by a strong central government but with significant powers and autonomy vested in its constituent states. Within this intricate framework, state legislatures play a pivotal role, serving as the primary institutional mechanism through which the distinct interests, aspirations, and concerns of the states are articulated and addressed. They are, indeed, often regarded as the 'voice of the states'. Firstly, state legislatures are the primary law-making bodies for their respective states on subjects enumerated in the State List and concurrently with the Parliament on subjects in the Concurrent List of the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution. This legislative power allows them to enact laws tailored to the specific socio-economic, cultural, and geographical needs of their populations. For instance, laws related to public order, agriculture, local government, and public health are predominantly framed by state legislatures, directly reflecting the priorities and demands of the state's populace. Secondly, state legislatures exercise financial control over the state's executive. They approve the state budget, sanction expenditure, and authorize taxation, ensuring that financial resources are allocated and utilized in accordance with the state's developmental goals and public welfare schemes. This financial autonomy, though often constrained by central grants and shared taxes, empowers states to pursue policies that resonate with their specific requirements, thereby giving voice to their economic aspirations. Thirdly, state legislatures serve as a crucial forum for debate, deliberation, and dissent on state-specific issues. Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) represent diverse constituencies within the state, bringing local grievances, regional demands, and community-specific concerns to the legislative floor. Through questions, debates, resolutions, and legislative proposals, MLAs articulate the 'voice' of th

Question 12

What are the implications of the revised appointment process of Election Commission for ensuring its independence?

Accepted Answer

The independence of the Election Commission of India (ECI) is crucial for upholding democratic principles and ensuring free and fair elections. Historically, the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commissioners (ECs) were appointed by the President on the advice of the Union Cabinet, which effectively meant the executive had significant control over these appointments. This process raised concerns about potential executive influence. In March 2023, the Supreme Court, in the case of Anoop Baranwal v. Union of India, intervened to address these concerns. It ruled that, until Parliament enacted a specific law, the appointments of the CEC and ECs should be made by the President on the recommendation of a committee comprising the Prime Minister, the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha, and the Chief Justice of India (CJI). The rationale behind this ruling was to insulate the ECI from executive interference and strengthen its independence by introducing a more bipartisan and judicially supervised selection process. However, in December 2023, the Parliament passed the Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023. This law superseded the Supreme Court's directive and established a new selection committee. This committee now consists of: 1. The Prime Minister (Chairperson) 2. The Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha (or the leader of the single largest opposition party) 3. A Union Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister Implications of this Revised Appointment Process for ECI's Independence: 1. Executive Dominance: The most significant implication is the reassertion of executive dominance in the appointment process. With the Prime Minister and a Cabinet Minister forming two out of three members, the government effectively holds a majority in the selection committee. This raises concerns that appointments might be politically motivated rather than solely based on

Question 13

How does the Indian Constitution compare with other modern constitutions in terms of flexibility and rigidity?

Accepted Answer

Constitutions are generally classified as flexible or rigid based on the ease or difficulty with which they can be amended. A flexible constitution can be amended by a simple legislative process, similar to ordinary laws, while a rigid constitution requires a special, more complex procedure for amendment. The Indian Constitution presents a unique synthesis, often described as 'partly flexible and partly rigid' or 'a unique blend,' distinguishing it from many other modern constitutions. 1. Flexible Aspects of the Indian Constitution: Certain provisions of the Indian Constitution can be amended by a simple majority of both Houses of Parliament, similar to the process for ordinary legislation. These include: Formation of new states and alteration of areas, boundaries, or names of existing states. Abolition or creation of legislative councils in states. Citizenship acquisition and termination. Quorum in Parliament. Salaries and allowances of Members of Parliament. Rules of procedure in Parliament. This ease of amendment for specific provisions allows the Constitution to adapt to changing societal needs without undergoing a cumbersome process, reflecting a degree of flexibility. 2. Rigid Aspects of the Indian Constitution: For most other provisions, the Indian Constitution requires a more stringent amendment process, as laid out in Article 368: Special Majority of Parliament: An amendment bill must be passed by a special majority in each House of Parliament – that is, a majority of the total membership of that House and a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of that House present and voting. This is a significantly higher bar than a simple majority. Special Majority plus State Ratification: For amendments to provisions related to the federal structure of the Constitution (e.g., election of the President, extent of the executive power of the Union and states, distribution of legislative powers, representation of states in Parliament, and Article 368 itself)

Question 14

What role can the Finance Commission play in addressing regional disparities in India and what measures has it taken so far?

Accepted Answer

The Finance Commission (FC) is a constitutional body in India, established under Article 280 of the Constitution, primarily tasked with recommending the distribution of financial resources between the Union government and the states, and among the states themselves. Its role is pivotal in fostering fiscal federalism and, crucially, in addressing regional disparities by ensuring a more equitable distribution of resources. Role of the Finance Commission in Addressing Regional Disparities: 1. Vertical Devolution: The FC recommends the share of the net proceeds of Union taxes to be distributed between the Union and the states. By increasing the states' share, the FC empowers states, particularly those with limited own-revenue generation capacity, to fund their developmental and welfare programs, thereby reducing their dependence on the Centre and potentially narrowing the resource gap. 2. Horizontal Devolution: This is where the FC's role in addressing regional disparities is most direct and impactful. The FC recommends the principles governing the distribution of the states' share of taxes among the states. To achieve equity, FCs typically use a set of criteria that favor less developed or fiscally weaker states. Common criteria include: Income Distance: This is a key criterion, measuring the distance of a state's per capita income from the state with the highest per capita income. States with lower per capita income (i.e., higher income distance) receive a larger share, directly aiding poorer states. Population: While controversial, population has historically been a significant factor, with more populous states receiving a larger share. Recent FCs have used the 2011 Census population to incentivize population control. Area: Larger states, often with more diverse geographical challenges and infrastructure needs, receive a share based on their area. Forest and Ecology: States with significant forest cover are often rewarded for their environmental conservation efforts,

Question 15

What challenges is the Government facing in the implementing of welfare schemes for the most vulnerable sections?

Accepted Answer

Implementing welfare schemes for the most vulnerable sections of society is a complex undertaking, and governments in India face numerous challenges that often dilute the intended impact of these programs. Despite significant budgetary allocations and policy intentions, effective delivery remains a persistent hurdle. Key Challenges in Implementing Welfare Schemes: 1. Identification of Beneficiaries: Exclusion and Inclusion Errors: A major challenge is accurately identifying the truly needy. Exclusion errors (deserving beneficiaries left out) are common due to stringent or complex eligibility criteria, lack of awareness, or bureaucratic hurdles. Conversely, inclusion errors (undeserving beneficiaries included) lead to leakage of funds and resources. Outdated Data: Databases of vulnerable populations are often outdated or incomplete, making it difficult to target schemes effectively. Digital Divide: For schemes requiring online applications or digital verification, the lack of internet access, digital literacy, and smartphone ownership among the poorest and most vulnerable creates significant barriers. 2. Delivery Mechanisms and Leakages: Corruption and Diversion: Funds and benefits are susceptible to corruption, pilferage, and diversion at various levels of the delivery chain, from central allocation to the last mile. Ghost Beneficiaries: The existence of fake or 'ghost' beneficiaries in lists leads to siphoning off resources. Bureaucratic Inefficiencies: Red tape, excessive paperwork, delays in processing applications, and a lack of accountability among implementing officials can frustrate beneficiaries and hinder timely delivery. Last-Mile Connectivity: Reaching remote, tribal, or geographically isolated populations is challenging due to inadequate infrastructure, poor transport, and limited human resources. 3. Design and Coordination Flaws: One-Size-Fits-All Approach: Schemes are often designed centrally without sufficient consideration for regional, cultural, or

Question 16

The labour class of the country has been significantly affected by the New Economic Policy. Explain.

Accepted Answer

The New Economic Policy (NEP), introduced in India in 1991, marked a paradigm shift from a state-controlled, protectionist economy to a more liberalized, privatized, and globalized (LPG) model. While the NEP aimed at boosting economic growth, attracting foreign investment, and integrating India into the global economy, its impact on the labour class has been complex and, in many respects, significantly challenging. 1. Job Displacement and Loss: De-industrialization and Competition: The opening up of the economy led to increased competition from foreign goods and technologies. Many uncompetitive public sector units and traditional industries, unable to modernize or compete, either shut down or downsized, leading to large-scale job losses, particularly in the organized manufacturing sector. Technological Upgradation and Automation: While necessary for competitiveness, the adoption of new technologies and automation often resulted in a reduced demand for manual labour, further displacing workers, especially those with limited skills. 2. Informalization of Labour: Growth of the Informal Sector: As jobs in the organized sector became scarce, a large segment of the workforce shifted to the informal sector, which lacks formal contracts, social security benefits (like provident fund, ESI, gratuity), and legal protections. This has led to precarious employment conditions for millions. Contractualization: To reduce labour costs and increase flexibility, many companies resorted to hiring contract workers instead of permanent employees. Contract workers often receive lower wages, fewer benefits, and have no job security, significantly eroding the quality of employment. 3. Wage Stagnation and Inequality: Downward Pressure on Wages: The increased supply of labour (due to displacement from traditional sectors) combined with weakened bargaining power of trade unions put downward pressure on wages, particularly for unskilled and semi-skilled workers. Widening Wage Gap: The NEP led t

Question 17

What is India's progress on hunger and poverty after 2014 ? Explain.

Accepted Answer

India's progress on hunger and poverty after 2014 presents a mixed picture, with significant strides in some areas alongside persistent challenges in others. The government has launched various initiatives aimed at poverty alleviation and food security, but the scale of the problem and external shocks like the COVID-19 pandemic have complicated the trajectory. Progress on Poverty Reduction: 1. Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) Reduction: India has shown significant progress in reducing multidimensional poverty. According to NITI Aayog's National Multidimensional Poverty Index reports (based on NFHS data), India lifted a substantial number of people out of multidimensional poverty between 2015-16 and 2019-21. The MPI value and the proportion of the population living in multidimensional poverty have decreased considerably across states, particularly in rural areas. 2. Government Schemes and Financial Inclusion: Several flagship schemes have contributed to poverty reduction: Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY): Financial inclusion through bank accounts has enabled direct benefit transfers (DBT) for various schemes, reducing leakages and empowering the poor. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY): Providing affordable housing to the urban and rural poor has improved living standards. Ujjwala Yojana: Providing LPG connections to rural households has reduced health hazards from traditional cooking fuels and improved quality of life. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: Improved sanitation facilities, particularly in rural areas, have positively impacted health and dignity. PM-KISAN: Direct income support to farmers has provided a safety net for agricultural households. MGNREGA: Continues to provide rural employment and income support, acting as a crucial safety net. 3. Economic Growth: Sustained, albeit uneven, economic growth has contributed to job creation and income generation, lifting many out of absolute poverty. Challenges in Poverty Reduction: 1. Impact of COVID-19: The pandemi

Question 18

Examine the major issues of dispute between India and Bangladesh and give suggestions for improving bilateral relations.

Accepted Answer

The relationship between India and Bangladesh, two historically and culturally intertwined nations, is characterized by both deep cooperation and persistent challenges. While sharing a long land border and numerous common rivers, several issues have historically strained their bilateral ties, necessitating continuous diplomatic engagement for improvement. Major Issues of Dispute between India and Bangladesh: 1. Water Sharing Disputes: This remains one of the most significant and sensitive issues. Bangladesh, as a lower riparian state, frequently expresses concerns over India's unilateral withdrawal of water from common rivers. The Teesta River water-sharing agreement has been pending for decades, causing considerable frustration in Bangladesh, especially during the dry season when water scarcity impacts agriculture and livelihoods. Similarly, the Farakka Barrage on the Ganga (Padma in Bangladesh) has been a long-standing point of contention, with Bangladesh alleging adverse impacts on its environment and economy due to reduced water flow. 2. Border Management and Trans-border Crimes: The porous 4,096 km long border presents numerous challenges. Illegal immigration from Bangladesh into India, driven by economic disparities, remains a major concern for India, leading to demographic shifts and socio-economic pressures in its border states. This is compounded by rampant smuggling of cattle, drugs, arms, and other goods, as well as human trafficking, particularly of women and children. While Bangladesh has largely cracked down on Indian insurgent groups operating from its soil, cross-border movement of militants and criminal elements continues to be a security challenge. 3. Trade Imbalance and Market Access: Despite growing trade volumes, a significant trade imbalance exists, heavily favoring India. Bangladesh often seeks greater market access for its products in India and the removal of non-tariff barriers, which it perceives as hindering its export potential. Issues re

Question 19

What are the consequences of the ongoing Israel-Palestine conflict? How should India address the emerging challenges?

Accepted Answer

The ongoing Israel-Palestine conflict, a deeply entrenched and complex geopolitical issue, carries profound consequences that reverberate globally, impacting humanitarian, economic, and security landscapes. For India, a nation with significant stakes in regional stability and a historical commitment to the Palestinian cause while fostering strong ties with Israel, these consequences present unique challenges. Consequences of the Conflict: 1. Humanitarian Crisis: The most immediate and devastating consequence is the immense human cost. This includes widespread loss of life, severe injuries, mass displacement of populations, and the destruction of essential infrastructure like homes, hospitals, and schools. Access to basic necessities such as food, water, and medical care becomes severely restricted, leading to a dire humanitarian situation, particularly in densely populated areas like Gaza. 2. Regional Instability and Radicalization: The conflict acts as a significant destabilizing force in the Middle East. It fuels anti-Western sentiment, provides fertile ground for extremist ideologies, and can lead to the rise of non-state actors. The spillover effects can manifest in increased tensions, proxy conflicts, and a broader security dilemma for neighboring countries, potentially drawing them into wider regional confrontations. 3. Economic Disruption: The conflict severely hampers economic development in the affected territories, destroying livelihoods and deterring investment. Globally, it can disrupt energy markets, particularly oil prices, given the region's strategic importance in global energy supply. Trade routes and supply chains can also be affected, leading to broader economic uncertainty. 4. Geopolitical Ramifications: It strains international relations, often polarizing global opinion and creating divisions within international bodies like the United Nations. It challenges the efficacy of international law and humanitarian norms when violations occur without a

Question 20

“United Nations Organisation has failed in its objective of maintaining international peace and security.” Describe with example.

Accepted Answer

The United Nations Organisation (UNO), established in 1945 with the primary objective of maintaining international peace and security, preventing wars, and fostering cooperation among nations, has faced significant criticism regarding its effectiveness in achieving this core mandate. While the UN has had numerous successes in peacekeeping, humanitarian aid, and promoting human rights, there are compelling arguments and examples that suggest it has, at times, fallen short of its ambitious goal, leading to the perception that it has failed in its objective. Reasons for Perceived Failure: 1. Veto Power in the Security Council: The most significant structural impediment is the veto power held by the five permanent members (P5: China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, United States) of the UN Security Council (UNSC). This power allows any one P5 member to block a resolution, even if it has overwhelming support from other members. This often leads to paralysis and inaction on critical issues when the national interests of P5 members diverge, effectively preventing the UN from taking decisive action to maintain peace and security. 2. Sovereignty Principle vs. Intervention: The UN Charter upholds the principle of state sovereignty and non-interference in the internal affairs of member states. While crucial for respecting national independence, this principle can sometimes hinder intervention in situations where internal conflicts lead to mass atrocities or severe human rights violations, as states often invoke sovereignty to resist external interference. 3. Lack of Enforcement Mechanism: The UN does not possess its own standing army. Peacekeeping missions rely on voluntary contributions of troops and resources from member states, which can be difficult to mobilize and sustain. The effectiveness of these missions is often limited by their mandates, rules of engagement, and resource constraints. 4. Geopolitical Rivalries and National Interests: Member states, particularly power

UPPSC Mains 2024 Paper 2

20 Questions Available

UPPSC Mains 2024 Paper 2

20 Questions Available

Question 1: Write a short note on the composition of the Constituent Assembly.

Question 2: Write the role of NITI Aayog in the development of India.

Question 3: What are the special legislative powers of the Council of States (Rajya Sabha)? Discuss.

Question 4: How does the Indian Constitution ensure the independence of the judiciary? Discuss the importance of the basic structure doctrine.

Question 5: Review the contribution of the public distribution system in poverty alleviation.

Question 6: What is the role of self help groups in rural development?

Question 7: Examine the role of civil society in Indian administrative development.

Question 8: India-Maldives relations are linked to mutual interests. Explain.

Question 9: Describe the organisational structure and funding of the World Health Organization (WHO).

Question 10: Discuss India's regional policy towards South-East Asia.

Question 11: Analyze the statement, 'State legislatures are often seen as the voice of the states within India's federal structure.'

Question 12: What are the implications of the revised appointment process of Election Commission for ensuring its independence?

Question 13: How does the Indian Constitution compare with other modern constitutions in terms of flexibility and rigidity?

Question 14: What role can the Finance Commission play in addressing regional disparities in India and what measures has it taken so far?

Question 15: What challenges is the Government facing in the implementing of welfare schemes for the most vulnerable sections?

Question 16: The labour class of the country has been significantly affected by the New Economic Policy. Explain.

Question 17: What is India's progress on hunger and poverty after 2014 ? Explain.

Question 18: Examine the major issues of dispute between India and Bangladesh and give suggestions for improving bilateral relations.

Question 19: What are the consequences of the ongoing Israel-Palestine conflict? How should India address the emerging challenges?

Question 20: “United Nations Organisation has failed in its objective of maintaining international peace and security.” Describe with example.