Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs), formerly known as Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs), are a sub-category within Scheduled Tribes (STs) in India, identified by the government as being among the most vulnerable and marginalized tribal communities. This classification was introduced in 1973 by the Dhebar Commission, which recognized that certain tribal groups were even more backward than other STs, exhibiting specific characteristics that required more focused and targeted development interventions.

The criteria for identifying PVTGs include: a pre-agricultural level of technology (e.g., hunting-gathering, shifting cultivation), a stagnant or declining population, extremely low literacy rates, and a subsistence economy. These groups often live in remote, isolated areas, have minimal contact with the mainstream society, and retain distinct cultural practices and languages. Their vulnerability stems from their extreme poverty, lack of access to basic services, high rates of malnutrition and disease, and limited engagement with modern economic and social systems.

Currently, there are 75 PVTGs spread across 18 states and one Union Territory in India. Some well-known examples include the Jarawas and Sentinelese of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the Birhor of Jharkhand, the Bonda of Odisha, and the Cholanaikkan of Kerala. These groups face unique challenges, including threats to their traditional livelihoods due to forest degradation, displacement, exploitation by outsiders, and the erosion of their cultural identity.

Recognizing their extreme vulnerability, the Indian government has implemented specific schemes and programs for PVTGs, such as the 'Scheme for Development of PVTGs,' which focuses on providing basic amenities like housing, safe drinking water, health services, education, and livelihood support. The objective is to improve their socio-economic status while respecting their unique cultural heritage and traditional way of life. However, challenges remain in effective implementation, ensuring their participation in development processes, and protecting them from external pressures, requiring a sensitive and rights-based approach.