The 'Nature-Man-Spirit Complex' is a conceptual framework developed by anthropologist L.P. Vidyarthi to understand the worldview and cultural ecology of tribal societies, particularly in India. This concept posits a deep, intrinsic, and holistic relationship between the natural environment (nature), human beings (man), and the supernatural or spiritual realm (spirit). It suggests that for many indigenous communities, these three elements are not separate entities but are intricately interwoven, influencing every aspect of their lives.

In this complex, nature is not merely a resource to be exploited but is often imbued with sacredness. Forests, rivers, mountains, and specific trees or animals are considered abodes of spirits or deities, or are themselves revered. This leads to a respectful and sustainable interaction with the environment, where resource extraction is often governed by traditional ecological knowledge and spiritual sanctions. Man, in this framework, is an integral part of nature, not separate from or superior to it. Human actions, social organization, and economic activities are often shaped by the natural surroundings and the perceived will of the spirits.

The spirit component encompasses ancestral spirits, village deities, forest spirits, and other supernatural beings that are believed to influence human fortunes, health, and agricultural productivity. Rituals, ceremonies, and taboos are performed to appease these spirits, seek their blessings, or ward off their malevolence. This spiritual dimension provides a moral and ethical code, reinforcing community cohesion and regulating human-environment interactions. The Nature-Man-Spirit complex highlights a worldview where the material and non-material worlds are seamlessly integrated, offering a profound understanding of the cultural adaptations and resilience of tribal societies.