Harappan seals are among the most distinctive and enigmatic artifacts of the Indus Valley Civilization (c. 2500-1900 BCE). Primarily made of steatite, but also found in agate, chert, copper, faience, and terracotta, these small, intricately carved objects typically measure 2-4 cm square or rectangular, though some cylindrical and round seals also exist. They feature a variety of motifs, including animals (unicorns, humped bulls, elephants, tigers, rhinos), human-like figures (often interpreted as deities, like the 'Pashupati' seal), and geometric patterns. Crucially, most seals bear inscriptions in the undeciphered Indus script, usually above the animal motif.

The significance of Harappan seals is multifaceted:

1. Economic and Administrative: Their primary function is believed to be economic, used for stamping clay tags on goods, indicating ownership, origin, or destination, facilitating trade and administration within the vast Harappan network and with Mesopotamia.
2. Religious and Symbolic: The animal motifs and anthropomorphic figures likely held religious or symbolic significance, possibly representing totems, deities, or mythical creatures, offering insights into Harappan belief systems.
3. Linguistic Evidence: The Indus script on the seals represents the earliest known writing system in the Indian subcontinent. Although undeciphered, it provides invaluable data for understanding the language and intellectual achievements of the Harappans.
4. Artistic and Technological Prowess: The exquisite craftsmanship, precision carving, and mastery of materials demonstrate the advanced artistic and technological skills of Harappan artisans.
5. Social and Political Insights: The widespread distribution and standardization of seals suggest a centralized authority or a well-organized administrative and economic system. Their presence in different contexts (houses, workshops, streets) hints at their diverse roles in daily life.

Despite the mystery surrounding their script, Harappan seals remain a vital source for reconstructing the socio-economic, religious, and political life of one of the world's earliest urban civilizations.