Race and ethnicity are distinct yet often conflated concepts used to categorize human groups, primarily based on perceived differences. 'Race' is largely a social construct, not a biological reality. Historically, it has been used to classify people based on superficial physical characteristics like skin color, hair texture, and facial features, often to establish hierarchies and justify social inequalities. Scientific consensus rejects the idea of distinct biological human races, as genetic variation is continuous and greater within so-called 'racial' groups than between them. The concept of race has been instrumental in shaping social, economic, and political systems, leading to discrimination and prejudice.

'Ethnicity,' in contrast, refers to a group identity based on shared cultural heritage, ancestry, language, religion, traditions, or national origin. Ethnic groups are self-identified or identified by others based on these commonalities, which foster a sense of belonging and collective identity. Unlike race, which is often imposed, ethnicity is more fluid and can be chosen or asserted. While both concepts involve group categorization, ethnicity emphasizes cultural and historical ties, whereas race has historically been tied to perceived biological differences, often with negative social implications. Understanding this distinction is crucial for analyzing social dynamics and combating discrimination.