Urbanization in Asia and Africa is occurring at an unprecedented pace, driven by high birth rates and significant rural-to-urban migration, as people seek better economic opportunities and services. While urbanization can be a catalyst for economic growth and social development, in many parts of these continents, it has led to a rapid expansion of cities that outstrips the capacity of governments to provide adequate infrastructure, housing, and services. This often results in a complex web of challenges for a large segment of the urban population.

Extreme poverty is rampant in many urban areas, with millions living in informal settlements or slums characterized by overcrowded conditions, lack of sanitation, unsafe housing, and limited access to clean water and electricity. The informal economy often becomes the primary source of livelihood for these residents, offering precarious employment with low wages and no social protection. This economic vulnerability is compounded by social exclusion, as these marginalized communities are often denied formal rights, access to public services, and political representation, further entrenching their disadvantaged status.

Moreover, urban residents in these contexts face heightened vulnerability to various shocks. Environmental hazards, such as floods, landslides, and heatwaves, disproportionately affect slum dwellers due to their precarious locations and substandard housing. Health risks are elevated due to poor sanitation and overcrowding. Social marginalization can also lead to increased crime, insecurity, and limited opportunities for upward mobility. Addressing these issues requires comprehensive urban planning that prioritizes inclusive development, invests in affordable housing and infrastructure, formalizes the informal sector, and ensures equitable access to services and opportunities for all urban residents, particularly the most vulnerable.