1. Core Legal Answer & Context: (i) Doctrine of Innocent Passage: The Doctrine of Innocent Passage is a fundamental principle of the Law of the Sea, allowing foreign vessels the right to navigate through the territorial sea of a coastal state without prior permission, provided their passage is 'innocent'. Passage is considered innocent as long as it is not prejudicial to the peace, good order, or security of the coastal state. Activities deemed non-innocent include any threat or use of force, weapons exercises, intelligence gathering, propaganda, launching or landing of aircraft or military devices, serious pollution, fishing activities, research or survey activities, or any other activity not having a direct bearing on passage. Submarines and other underwater vehicles are required to navigate on the surface and show their flag.

(ii) Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and the rights of other States thereto: The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is an area beyond and adjacent to the territorial sea, extending up to 200 nautical miles from the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured. Within its EEZ, a coastal state has sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring and exploiting, conserving and managing the natural resources, whether living or non-living, of the waters superjacent to the seabed and of the seabed and its subsoil, and with regard to other activities for the economic exploitation and exploration of the zone, such as the production of energy from the water, currents and winds. The coastal state also has jurisdiction with regard to the establishment and use of artificial islands, installations and structures; marine scientific research; and the protection and preservation of the marine environment. Crucially, other states retain certain rights within the EEZ. These include the freedoms of navigation and overflight, and the freedom to lay submarine cables and pipelines, as recognized under the principles of international law. These rights must be exercised with due regard to the rights and duties of the coastal state and in compliance with the laws and regulations adopted by the coastal state in conformity with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).

2. Relevant Statutes and Sections: (i) Doctrine of Innocent Passage: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982, Part II, Section 3 (Articles 17-32). Specifically, Article 17 (Right of innocent passage), Article 18 (Meaning of passage), Article 19 (Meaning of innocent passage), Article 20 (Submarines and other underwater vehicles), Article 21 (Laws and regulations of the coastal State relating to innocent passage). (ii) Exclusive Economic Zone: UNCLOS 1982, Part V (Articles 55-75). Specifically, Article 56 (Rights, jurisdiction and duties of the coastal State in the exclusive economic zone) and Article 58 (Rights and duties of other States in the exclusive economic zone).

3. 1-2 Important Landmark Cases: (i) Doctrine of Innocent Passage: The Corfu Channel Case (United Kingdom v. Albania) (ICJ, 1949) affirmed the right of innocent passage for warships through international straits, which, while distinct from territorial sea passage, reinforces the broader principle of freedom of navigation through areas that would otherwise be under coastal state sovereignty. (ii) Exclusive Economic Zone: The Fisheries Jurisdiction Cases (United Kingdom v. Iceland; Federal Republic of Germany v. Iceland) (ICJ, 1974) were instrumental in the development of the EEZ concept, recognizing the preferential fishing rights of coastal states beyond their territorial waters, which later became codified in UNCLOS.

4. Clear Conclusion: The Doctrine of Innocent Passage balances coastal state sovereignty with the global interest in freedom of navigation, ensuring that maritime trade and communication can proceed unhindered through territorial seas. The EEZ regime, similarly, grants extensive resource and jurisdictional rights to coastal states while preserving essential high seas freedoms for other states, thereby creating a complex but balanced legal framework for maritime zones.