India's foreign policy is a complex tapestry woven from various internal and external factors, evolving significantly since its independence. Historically, the legacy of colonialism and the struggle for independence instilled a strong desire for strategic autonomy, leading to the adoption of Non-Alignment. This principle, championed by Jawaharlal Nehru, allowed India to maintain independence from Cold War blocs, focusing on its own development and global peace. For instance, India's refusal to join either the US or Soviet camp during the Cold War exemplified this autonomy.

Geopolitical and geographical factors are paramount. India's location in South Asia, bordering several countries and having a long coastline, necessitates a focus on regional stability and maritime security. The presence of nuclear-armed neighbors like Pakistan and China directly influences its defense and strategic policies. The economic imperative is another crucial driver. As a developing nation, India's foreign policy prioritizes economic growth, trade, investment, and access to technology. Initiatives like 'Look East' (now 'Act East') and 'Connect Central Asia' are aimed at fostering economic partnerships and securing energy resources. For example, India's engagement with ASEAN countries is largely driven by economic and strategic interests.

Domestic politics and public opinion also play a significant role. The need to address internal challenges like poverty, development, and social cohesion often shapes foreign policy priorities. The diaspora, for instance, influences relations with countries like the US, Canada, and the UK. Security concerns, particularly from cross-border terrorism and territorial disputes, heavily influence India's defense diplomacy and counter-terrorism efforts, as seen in its stance against Pakistan-sponsored terrorism. Finally, global power dynamics and multilateralism are increasingly important. India seeks a greater role in global governance, advocating for reforms in institutions like the UN Security Council. Its participation in forums like BRICS, G20, and SCO reflects its ambition to shape a multipolar world order and address global challenges like climate change and pandemics.