Question 1

Critically examine the Globalisation in the past 25 years from the perspectives of the Western world.

Accepted Answer

From the perspective of the Western world, globalization over the past 25 years has been a multifaceted phenomenon, largely driven by technological advancements, economic liberalization, and the spread of Western norms and institutions. Initially, it was often heralded as a force for progress, promoting economic growth through increased trade, foreign direct investment, and the integration of global markets. Western corporations benefited from access to new markets and cheaper labor, leading to greater profits and consumer choice. The spread of democratic ideals, human rights, and liberal values was also seen as a positive outcome, fostering a more interconnected and peaceful world. However, a critical examination reveals significant downsides and growing disillusionment within the Western world. Economically, globalization has been blamed for deindustrialization and job losses in many Western countries, as manufacturing shifted to lower-wage economies. This led to increased economic inequality, stagnant wages for many working-class individuals, and a sense of economic insecurity. Politically, it has fueled populist movements that advocate for protectionism and nationalism, challenging the established liberal international order. Culturally, while promoting diversity, it has also raised concerns about the erosion of national identities and the homogenization of culture. Environmentally, the increased global production and consumption have contributed to climate change and resource depletion, issues that disproportionately affect developing nations but have global repercussions. Thus, while initially viewed with optimism, the Western perspective on globalization has become increasingly nuanced and critical, acknowledging both its benefits and its profound challenges. --- Theoretical Analysis & International Relations Perspectives (PSIR Paper II) In contemporary comparative politics and global international relations, geopolitical interactions reflect a dynamic interp

Question 2

Examine the LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender) movement in developed societies and how it is affecting the political participation in developing societies.

Accepted Answer

In developed societies, the LGBT movement has achieved significant milestones over the past few decades, evolving from a struggle for basic recognition to advocating for full equality and inclusion. This movement has successfully pushed for legal reforms such as decriminalization of same-sex relations, anti-discrimination laws, marriage equality, and gender recognition for transgender individuals. Political participation within developed societies has seen increased visibility of LGBT individuals in public office, the formation of powerful advocacy groups, and the integration of LGBT rights into mainstream political discourse. This progress is largely attributed to sustained activism, public awareness campaigns, and a gradual shift in societal attitudes, often supported by liberal democratic frameworks that emphasize individual rights. This progress in developed societies has had a complex and varied impact on political participation in developing societies. On one hand, it provides a powerful model and inspiration for LGBT activists in developing nations, offering strategies, legal precedents, and a sense of global solidarity. International organizations and NGOs, often funded by developed countries, play a crucial role in supporting local LGBT movements, advocating for human rights, and challenging discriminatory laws. This can empower local activists to organize, demand rights, and engage in political processes, even in hostile environments. On the other hand, the perceived 'Western' origin of LGBT rights advocacy can sometimes provoke a backlash in developing societies, where it may be framed as cultural imperialism or a threat to traditional values. This can lead to increased state repression, social stigmatization, and a hardening of anti-LGBT sentiment, making political participation more dangerous and difficult for LGBT individuals and their allies. In some cases, it can even be used by authoritarian regimes to rally nationalist support against perceived for

Question 3

American President Donald Trump's proposal to withdraw from the 'NAFTA' would bring unforeseen consequences to the regionalisation of world politics. Elaborate.

Accepted Answer

Donald Trump's proposal to withdraw from or renegotiate NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) was a significant challenge to established regional economic integration and had potential unforeseen consequences for the regionalization of world politics. NAFTA, by fostering deep economic ties between the US, Canada, and Mexico, had created a highly integrated North American production bloc. A withdrawal or severe disruption would have fragmented these supply chains, leading to economic instability and uncertainty across the continent. Beyond immediate economic impacts, the move carried profound geopolitical implications. Firstly, it signaled a shift away from multilateral trade agreements towards bilateral deals and protectionist policies, potentially undermining the global trading system and encouraging other nations to adopt similar 'America First' approaches. This could lead to a 'de-globalization' of trade and a rise in economic nationalism worldwide. Secondly, it could weaken the political cohesion of North America. By straining relations with Canada and Mexico, traditional allies, the US risked alienating partners crucial for regional security, migration management, and diplomatic cooperation. This could push Canada and Mexico to seek stronger economic and political ties with other global powers, such as China or the European Union, thereby altering regional power dynamics. Thirdly, it could set a precedent for other regional blocs. If a major power like the US could easily abandon a long-standing trade agreement, it might embolden other countries to question their commitments to regional integration, potentially leading to the unraveling of other blocs like ASEAN or Mercosur. The unforeseen consequences thus included not just economic disruption but a broader reordering of alliances, a weakening of multilateralism, and a potential acceleration of a more fragmented and competitive world order, where regionalization is driven by nationalistic interests rathe

Question 4

Give an assessment of the Feminist critique of contemporary global issues.

Accepted Answer

The feminist critique of contemporary global issues offers a crucial lens through which to understand and address challenges like conflict, poverty, climate change, and human rights. At its core, this critique argues that traditional analyses of global issues often overlook or marginalize the experiences, perspectives, and contributions of women, and fail to recognize how gendered power structures shape these issues. Feminists contend that the international system, largely built on patriarchal norms, perpetuates inequalities that disproportionately affect women and other marginalized groups. Regarding conflict, feminist scholars highlight how wars impact women differently, from sexual violence as a weapon of war to their exclusion from peace negotiations, despite often being key agents of peacebuilding. In terms of poverty and economic development, the critique points to how global economic policies, often driven by neoliberal agendas, can exacerbate gender inequalities by exploiting women's labor, limiting their access to resources, and burdening them with unpaid care work. On climate change, feminists argue that women, particularly in the Global South, are often the most vulnerable to its impacts due due to their reliance on natural resources and existing social inequalities, yet their voices are frequently absent from policy discussions. Furthermore, the feminist critique challenges the state-centric view of international relations, emphasizing the importance of non-state actors and grassroots movements, and advocating for a more inclusive and human-centered approach to global governance. Overall, the feminist critique calls for a fundamental re-evaluation of power dynamics, a recognition of intersectionality, and the integration of gender perspectives into all aspects of global policy-making to achieve more equitable and sustainable solutions. --- Theoretical Analysis & International Relations Perspectives (PSIR Paper II) In contemporary comparative politics and

Question 5

Is Realist Approach the best method to understand International Relations? Examine this in the context of Classical Realism.

Accepted Answer

The Realist approach, particularly Classical Realism, offers a powerful and enduring framework for understanding International Relations (IR), but whether it is the 'best' method is highly debatable. Classical Realism, championed by thinkers like Thucydides, Machiavelli, and Hans Morgenthau, posits that international politics is fundamentally a struggle for power, driven by human nature, which is inherently self-interested and prone to conflict. States are the primary actors, operating in an anarchic international system where there is no overarching authority to enforce rules or provide security. Consequently, states prioritize their own survival and national interest, often through military strength and strategic alliances, leading to a perpetual security dilemma. Strengths of Classical Realism include its ability to explain recurring patterns of conflict, competition, and the pursuit of national interest throughout history. It provides a pragmatic and often sobering perspective, highlighting the limitations of international cooperation and the enduring role of power politics. It accurately captures the tragic dimension of IR, where even well-intentioned actions can lead to unintended negative consequences due to the anarchic structure and self-help imperative. However, Classical Realism faces significant limitations. Its focus on states as unitary, rational actors often overlooks the influence of non-state actors (e.g., NGOs, multinational corporations, terrorist groups) and domestic politics (e.g., public opinion, regime type) on foreign policy. Its emphasis on human nature as the root cause of conflict can be seen as overly pessimistic and deterministic, potentially underestimating the capacity for cooperation, moral considerations, and institutional change. Critics argue that it struggles to explain periods of prolonged peace, the rise of international law and institutions, or the increasing importance of economic interdependence and global challenges like cli

Question 6

How has the development of Global Capitalism changed the nature of socialist economies and developing societies?

Accepted Answer

The development of global capitalism has profoundly reshaped both socialist economies and developing societies, often leading to significant transformations in their economic structures, political systems, and social fabrics. For socialist economies, the rise of global capitalism presented both a challenge and an opportunity. Historically, centrally planned socialist economies were largely insulated from global markets. However, the economic inefficiencies and lack of innovation inherent in these systems, coupled with the allure of capitalist prosperity, led many to undertake market-oriented reforms. China's 'socialism with Chinese characteristics' is the most prominent example, where the embrace of market mechanisms, foreign investment, and export-oriented growth under state control led to unprecedented economic expansion. Vietnam followed a similar path with its 'Doi Moi' reforms. This integration into global capitalism transformed their economies from state-dominated production to hybrid systems with significant private sectors, global supply chain participation, and increased consumerism. While these reforms brought economic growth and poverty reduction, they also introduced challenges like rising inequality, environmental degradation, and the erosion of traditional socialist welfare provisions, forcing a redefinition of what 'socialism' means in a globalized capitalist world. For developing societies, global capitalism has been a double-edged sword. On one hand, it offered opportunities for economic growth through foreign direct investment, access to global markets for their goods and services, technology transfer, and integration into global supply chains. Many developing countries adopted export-led growth strategies, attracting multinational corporations and benefiting from increased trade. This led to industrialization, job creation, and improvements in living standards for many. However, this integration often came with significant costs. Developing societ

Question 7

Explain the Political-Sociological Approach in the field of comparative politics and discuss its limitations.

Accepted Answer

The Political-Sociological Approach in comparative politics emphasizes the intricate relationship between political structures and societal forces. It moves beyond purely institutional analyses to explore how social groups, cultural norms, economic conditions, and historical contexts shape political behavior, institutions, and outcomes. This approach views politics not as an autonomous sphere but as deeply embedded within the broader social fabric. Key aspects include examining the role of social classes, ethnic groups, religious communities, and other collective identities in political mobilization, conflict, and policy-making. It often employs methods like historical sociology, cultural analysis, and comparative case studies to understand variations in political systems across different societies. However, this approach has several limitations. Critics argue that it can sometimes overemphasize social determinants, potentially underestimating the autonomy and impact of political institutions, leadership, and individual agency. It may also struggle with methodological rigor, as the complex interplay of social and political factors can be difficult to quantify or isolate for causal analysis. Furthermore, a strong focus on societal structures might lead to a deterministic view, where political outcomes are seen as inevitable consequences of social forces, thereby neglecting the possibility of political change driven by non-social factors or deliberate political action. Balancing the influence of social structures with political agency remains a persistent challenge for this approach. --- Theoretical Analysis & International Relations Perspectives (PSIR Paper II) In contemporary comparative politics and global international relations, geopolitical interactions reflect a dynamic interplay between national interest and global structural shifts: 1. Realism vs. Liberal Institutionalism: While classical and structural realists (Morgenthau, Mearsheimer) argue that the anarch

Question 8

Discuss the changing nature of modern state with reference to transnational actors.

Accepted Answer

The modern state, traditionally viewed as the primary and sovereign actor in international relations, has experienced a significant transformation in its nature and capabilities, largely due to the rise and proliferation of transnational actors. Transnational actors are non-state entities that operate across national borders, influencing global politics, economics, and society. These include multinational corporations (MNCs), international non-governmental organizations (INGOs), intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), terrorist networks, global social movements, and even individuals with global reach. One key change is the erosion of state sovereignty. While states formally retain sovereignty, the practical ability of a state to control its borders, economy, and even internal affairs is increasingly challenged. MNCs, with their vast economic power, can influence national policies through investment decisions, lobbying, and even by relocating production. INGOs, through advocacy, norm-setting, and direct service provision, can bypass state authority and directly engage with citizens or influence international agendas. IGOs, created by states, often develop their own bureaucratic interests and exert influence over member states through treaties, conventions, and conditional aid. Secondly, transnational actors have led to the diffusion of power and authority. The state is no longer the sole locus of power. Global governance is now a complex web involving states, IGOs, and various non-state actors, where decision-making is often shared or contested. For instance, global financial markets, driven by private actors, can exert immense pressure on national economies, forcing states to adopt certain fiscal or monetary policies. Environmental INGOs can mobilize global public opinion and pressure states to adopt international environmental agreements. Thirdly, the nature of threats and challenges has evolved beyond traditional interstate military conflicts. Transnational terror

Question 9

The development of advanced missile technology and nuclear threat by North Korea has challenged the American hegemony in South-East Asia. Evaluate the above statement in the context of recent developments in the region.

Accepted Answer

North Korea's relentless pursuit of advanced missile technology and nuclear weapons indeed poses a significant challenge to American hegemony and regional stability in South-East Asia. Historically, the US has maintained its influence through a network of alliances (with South Korea, Japan, and others), military presence, and economic power, aiming to deter threats and ensure regional security. North Korea's capabilities, including intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) potentially capable of reaching the US mainland and tactical nuclear weapons, directly undermine this deterrence. Recent developments highlight this challenge. North Korea has conducted numerous missile tests, including those involving hypersonic missiles and submarine-launched ballistic missiles, demonstrating technological advancements. These tests often coincide with or are a response to joint US-South Korea military exercises, escalating tensions. While the US has responded with increased sanctions, military drills, and diplomatic efforts (including past summits with limited success), Pyongyang has shown no signs of abandoning its nuclear program. This forces the US to continuously re-evaluate its defense posture and alliance commitments. The challenge is multifaceted: it complicates denuclearization efforts, strains US alliances by raising questions about the credibility of extended deterrence, and creates a security dilemma for regional powers like South Korea and Japan, potentially pushing them towards greater militarization. Furthermore, it tests the effectiveness of international non-proliferation regimes and the UN Security Council's ability to enforce resolutions. While the US still holds significant power, North Korea's nuclear arsenal introduces an unpredictable element that forces Washington to operate within new strategic constraints, thereby undeniably challenging the traditional scope and nature of American hegemony in the region. --- Theoretical Analysis & International Relatio

Question 10

Do you endorse the view that the end of Bipolarity and the rise of multiple regional organisations has made Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) more or less irrelevant?

Accepted Answer

The assertion that the end of bipolarity and the rise of regional organizations have rendered the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) irrelevant is a common, yet nuanced, perspective. NAM's original raison d'être was to provide a collective voice and an independent foreign policy path for newly independent states, avoiding alignment with either the US or Soviet blocs during the Cold War. With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of bipolarity, the primary ideological and geopolitical divide that defined NAM's initial purpose ceased to exist. This shift, coupled with the proliferation of regional organizations like ASEAN, the African Union, and the European Union, which focus on specific economic, political, and security integration within their respective geographies, has indeed diminished NAM's traditional role. These regional blocs often offer more tangible benefits and closer cooperation on issues directly affecting their members, potentially overshadowing NAM's broader, more diffuse agenda. Critics argue that without a clear 'enemy' or a defined global power structure to balance against, NAM lacks a cohesive identity and purpose, leading to internal divisions and a reduced capacity for collective action on major global issues. However, to declare NAM entirely irrelevant would be an oversimplification. Its relevance has evolved rather than disappeared. NAM continues to serve as a crucial platform for developing countries to articulate common concerns on global issues such as climate change, sustainable development, international trade imbalances, debt relief, and UN reform. It advocates for multilateralism, a more equitable world order, and South-South cooperation, addressing new forms of hegemony (economic, technological, cultural) that persist in a multipolar world. While its political clout may have waned compared to its Cold War peak, NAM remains a significant forum for collective advocacy and solidarity among a diverse group of nations, ensuring their voices

Question 11

Do you agree with the view that despite the limitations in the functioning of the UN, it has distinguished and unique achievements to its credit?

Accepted Answer

Yes, I strongly agree with the view that despite its inherent limitations, the United Nations has distinguished and unique achievements to its credit, making it an indispensable institution for global governance. The UN's limitations are well-documented: the Security Council's veto power often leads to paralysis on critical issues, its structure can be bureaucratic and inefficient, and its effectiveness is ultimately dependent on the political will and cooperation of its member states, particularly the powerful ones. It cannot prevent all conflicts or humanitarian crises, and its principle of state sovereignty can sometimes hinder intervention in cases of severe human rights abuses. However, these limitations should not overshadow its profound and unique contributions. The UN's most significant achievement is arguably its role in preventing a third world war and fostering an environment for international cooperation. Through its various organs and specialized agencies, the UN has made unparalleled strides in: 1. Peacekeeping and Conflict Resolution: Deploying peacekeepers to conflict zones, monitoring ceasefires, and facilitating peace agreements, thereby saving countless lives and preventing wider escalations. 2. Humanitarian Aid: Agencies like UNICEF, UNHCR, and the World Food Programme provide critical assistance, food, shelter, and medical care to millions affected by conflicts, disasters, and poverty worldwide. 3. Development and Poverty Reduction: The UNDP, WHO, FAO, and other bodies have been instrumental in promoting sustainable development, eradicating diseases, improving education, and enhancing food security across the globe. 4. International Law and Norms: The UN has been the primary forum for developing and codifying international law, human rights conventions, environmental treaties, and norms that govern state behavior, providing a framework for a more just and orderly world. 5. Forum for Diplomacy: It offers a universal platform for dialogue, negotia

Question 12

The recent move of USA to withdraw from the Paris Climate Agreement is a setback in the consensus achieved on protecting the world environment. In this context, assess the future prospectives on climate control.

Accepted Answer

The US withdrawal from the Paris Climate Agreement under the Trump administration was indeed a significant setback to the global consensus on protecting the world environment. As a major historical and current emitter, the US's departure undermined the collective effort, both symbolically and practically. It created a leadership vacuum, potentially reduced global ambition, and impacted financial contributions to climate initiatives. Assessing the future prospects for climate control in this context reveals a mixed picture: Negative Impacts & Challenges: 1. Reduced Ambition: The absence of a major player could lead other nations to scale back their commitments, citing unfair burdens. 2. Financial Gaps: US withdrawal from funding mechanisms like the Green Climate Fund created shortfalls, impacting developing nations' ability to adapt and mitigate. 3. Geopolitical Shifts: It strained international relations and challenged the credibility of multilateral agreements, potentially empowering climate skeptics globally. 4. Increased Emissions: Reversal of domestic climate policies in the US during its withdrawal period could have led to higher emissions. Mitigating Factors & Positive Prospects: 1. Global Resolve: Crucially, the rest of the world, including major emitters like the EU, China, and India, largely reaffirmed their commitment to the Paris Agreement, demonstrating resilience and a shared understanding of the climate crisis. 2. Sub-national Action: Within the US, states, cities, and businesses continued to pursue climate goals, forming alliances like the 'We Are Still In' movement, showcasing bottom-up commitment. 3. Technological Advancements: The rapid decline in the cost of renewable energy technologies (solar, wind) and advancements in energy efficiency continued, making climate action more economically viable. 4. Public Awareness: Growing public concern and scientific consensus globally maintained pressure on governments and corporations to act. 5. Biden Admini

Question 13

How has 'BREXIT' affected the regionalisation process initiated by European Union and what could be its likely impacts in the regionalisation process of world politics?

Accepted Answer

Brexit, the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union, has profoundly impacted the regionalization process initiated by the EU and carries significant implications for regionalization in world politics. Impact on EU Regionalization: 1. Disintegration Precedent: Brexit represents the first major instance of a member state leaving the EU, challenging the narrative of ever-closer union and setting a precedent for potential future exits, though no other country has followed suit. 2. Economic Disruption: It severed deep economic ties, creating new trade barriers, supply chain complexities, and impacting sectors like finance and agriculture. This has necessitated new agreements and adjustments, highlighting the costs of de-regionalization. 3. Internal Cohesion: While initially threatening to unravel the EU, Brexit paradoxically strengthened the resolve of the remaining 27 members to deepen integration and present a united front, demonstrating the resilience of the EU project. 4. Border Issues: The Northern Ireland Protocol, designed to avoid a hard border on the island of Ireland, created new customs checks and political tensions, illustrating the complexities of disentangling a highly integrated region. 5. Reduced Influence: The EU lost a significant economic, military, and diplomatic power, potentially diminishing its global standing and influence in international forums. Likely Impacts on Regionalization in World Politics: 1. Skepticism towards Deep Integration: Brexit may foster caution among other regional blocs or states considering deeper integration, highlighting the potential for political backlash and economic costs associated with ceding sovereignty. 2. Rise of Nationalism/Protectionism: The 'take back control' narrative of Brexit resonated with nationalist and protectionist sentiments globally, potentially inspiring similar movements that prioritize national interests over regional cooperation. 3. Shift in Power Dynamics: The UK's departure has led i

Question 14

Examine the World Systems Approach as developed by Immanuel Wallerstein.

Accepted Answer

Immanuel Wallerstein's World Systems Approach (WSA) offers a macro-historical perspective on global social change, arguing that the world is not merely a collection of independent states but rather a single, interconnected capitalist world-economy that has been evolving since the 16th century. Challenging traditional state-centric analyses, Wallerstein posits that understanding individual societies requires analyzing their position within this larger system. Core Concepts: 1. World-Economy: The fundamental unit of analysis is not the nation-state but the 'world-system,' specifically the capitalist world-economy, characterized by a global division of labor and the endless accumulation of capital. 2. Three Tiers of the World-System: Wallerstein divides the world-economy into three structural positions: Core: Dominant capitalist countries (e.g., Western Europe, North America, Japan) that control advanced technology, high-wage labor, and complex production processes. They exploit the periphery through unequal exchange. Periphery: Less developed countries (e.g., much of Africa, Latin America, parts of Asia) that provide raw materials, cheap labor, and agricultural products to the core. They are economically dependent and exploited. Semi-periphery: Countries that exhibit characteristics of both core and periphery (e.g., China, India, Brazil). They act as a buffer, mediating between core and periphery, and can experience upward or downward mobility within the system. They exploit the periphery while being exploited by the core. 3. Unequal Exchange: The core benefits disproportionately from trade with the periphery, extracting surplus value through a global division of labor that favors high-profit, high-tech production in the core and low-profit, labor-intensive production in the periphery. 4. Hegemony: Periods where one core power dominates the world-system economically, politically, and militarily (e.g., the Dutch in the 17th century, the British in the 19th, and the US

Question 15

Examine the Indian National Movement and geographical location of India as determinants of India's foreign policy.

Accepted Answer

India's foreign policy is deeply rooted in its historical experience, particularly the Indian National Movement, and its unique geographical location. These two factors have profoundly shaped its diplomatic orientation and strategic choices. Indian National Movement as a Determinant: The anti-colonial struggle instilled core values that became foundational to India's foreign policy: 1. Non-Alignment: The movement's emphasis on self-reliance and independence from colonial powers translated into the principle of Non-Alignment during the Cold War, refusing to join either superpower bloc and asserting an autonomous foreign policy. 2. Anti-Colonialism and Anti-Imperialism: India became a vocal champion for decolonization and liberation movements across Asia and Africa, reflecting its own struggle against British rule. 3. Panchsheel: Principles of peaceful coexistence, mutual respect, non-interference, and non-aggression emerged from the movement's ideals, guiding India's relations with other nations. 4. Democracy and Secularism: The internal values of a democratic, secular republic, forged during the movement, influenced India's preference for democratic partners and its advocacy for pluralism on the global stage. 5. Disarmament: Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy of non-violence contributed to India's early advocacy for nuclear disarmament and peaceful resolution of conflicts. Geographical Location as a Determinant: India's geography dictates its strategic imperatives and regional interactions: 1. Peninsular Nature and Indian Ocean: With a long coastline, India's centrality in the Indian Ocean is crucial for trade, energy security, and maritime defense. This necessitates a strong navy and active engagement with littoral states and major maritime powers. 2. Himalayan Borders: The formidable Himalayas define its northern frontier, leading to complex relations with China and smaller neighbors like Nepal and Bhutan, often involving border disputes and strategic competition. 3. Pro

Question 16

What are the impediments in the development of South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA)?

Accepted Answer

The South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA), established in 2006, aimed to promote economic cooperation and integration among the SAARC member states by reducing tariffs and non-tariff barriers. However, its development has been significantly hampered by a multitude of impediments, primarily stemming from political mistrust, economic disparities, and structural challenges. Political Impediments: 1. Trust Deficit and Geopolitical Rivalries: The most significant hurdle is the deep-seated political mistrust and historical rivalries, particularly between India and Pakistan. This often translates into a lack of political will to fully implement SAFTA's provisions and explore its potential. Bilateral disputes frequently spill over into regional cooperation efforts, stalling progress. 2. Security Concerns: Member states, especially smaller ones, sometimes harbor concerns about India's dominant economic and military size, fearing market capture or political influence. This leads to protectionist tendencies and reluctance to open up their economies fully. Economic Impediments: 1. Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs): While SAFTA has made progress in reducing tariffs, NTBs remain a major impediment. These include complex customs procedures, stringent product standards, sanitary and phytosanitary measures, import quotas, and bureaucratic hurdles. These NTBs disproportionately affect smaller economies and make cross-border trade cumbersome and costly. 2. Sensitive Lists: Each member country maintains a 'sensitive list' of products on which tariff concessions are not applicable. These lists are often extensive, covering a significant portion of traded goods, thereby limiting the scope of free trade and undermining the spirit of SAFTA. 3. Lack of Trade Facilitation and Infrastructure: Inadequate infrastructure, such as poor road and rail connectivity, inefficient port facilities, and limited cross-border logistics, hinders the smooth flow of goods. Lack of harmonized customs procedures and sin

Question 17

"India has been the largest and consistent country contributing to the UN peacekeepers worldwide." Examine India's role in this perspective.

Accepted Answer

India has indeed been a steadfast and significant contributor to United Nations peacekeeping operations, consistently ranking among the top troop-contributing countries globally. Its commitment to international peace and security through UN peacekeeping dates back to its very inception, reflecting its foundational foreign policy principles of multilateralism, non-alignment, and global cooperation. Historical and Quantitative Contribution: India's engagement with UN peacekeeping began in 1950 with its participation in the UN operations in Korea. Since then, India has contributed over 275,000 troops to more than 49 UN peacekeeping missions across various continents, including challenging environments in Congo, Somalia, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Lebanon, South Sudan, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. This makes India one of the largest cumulative contributors of personnel to UN peacekeeping, with a consistent presence in multiple missions simultaneously. Tragically, over 170 Indian peacekeepers have made the supreme sacrifice in the line of duty, underscoring the profound commitment. Quality and Professionalism of Indian Peacekeepers: India's role is not just about numbers but also about the quality and professionalism of its peacekeepers: 1. Training and Discipline: Indian contingents are renowned for their rigorous training, discipline, and adherence to UN mandates. They undergo specialized pre-deployment training that covers operational skills, cultural sensitivity, human rights, and protection of civilians. 2. Diverse Capabilities: Indian peacekeepers bring a wide array of capabilities, including infantry battalions, military observers, staff officers, engineers, medical units, and specialized police units. They have been instrumental in infrastructure development, medical aid, and community engagement in conflict zones. 3. Women Peacekeepers: India was the first country to deploy an all-female Formed Police Unit (FPU) to a UN peacekeeping mission (Liberia in 2007)

Question 18

Has the recent Indo-Israeli relationships given a new dynamics to India's stand on Palestinian statehood?

Accepted Answer

India's foreign policy traditionally maintained a strong and principled stance in support of Palestinian statehood, rooted in its anti-colonial legacy and solidarity with the developing world. However, the deepening of Indo-Israeli relations in recent decades has indeed introduced a new dynamic, leading to a more nuanced and balanced approach, rather than a fundamental shift, in India's position on the Palestinian issue. Traditional Indian Stance: Historically, India was a staunch supporter of the Palestinian cause, advocating for a sovereign, independent Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital, living side-by-side with Israel within secure and recognized borders. India was one of the first non-Arab countries to recognize the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1974 and established a representative office in Gaza in 1996. This position was consistent with India's non-aligned foreign policy and its historical support for self-determination. Evolution of Indo-Israeli Relations: Formal diplomatic relations between India and Israel were established in 1992. Since then, the relationship has blossomed, particularly in areas of defense, agriculture, water management, technology, and counter-terrorism. High-level visits, including by Indian Prime Ministers and Israeli counterparts, have become more frequent, signaling a strategic partnership. This growing engagement is driven by India's pragmatic national interests, including access to advanced defense technology, agricultural expertise, and intelligence sharing. New Dynamics and Nuances: 1. De-hyphenation Policy: India has adopted a 'de-hyphenation' policy, treating its relations with Israel and Palestine as independent and mutually exclusive. This means that strengthening ties with Israel does not automatically imply a weakening of support for Palestine. India seeks to maintain robust bilateral relations with both entities based on their individual merits and India's national interests. 2. Balanced Dip

Question 19

Suggest measures so that India's partnership with Africa becomes a true symbol of South-South Cooperation, delivering clear-cut economic and political dividends to both sides of the equation.

Accepted Answer

India's partnership with Africa holds immense potential to be a shining example of South-South Cooperation, characterized by solidarity, mutual respect, and shared development experiences. To ensure this partnership delivers clear-cut economic and political dividends to both sides, several strategic measures can be implemented: I. Enhancing Economic Dividends: 1. Diversified Trade and Investment: Move beyond traditional trade in raw materials and focus on value-added products. India should invest in African manufacturing, agro-processing, and digital sectors, while Africa can explore niche markets in India. Promote joint ventures and technology transfer to build local capacities. 2. Infrastructure Development: Collaborate on demand-driven infrastructure projects (roads, railways, ports, power, digital connectivity) through concessional credit lines, grants, and public-private partnerships. Emphasize sustainable and locally appropriate solutions, avoiding debt traps. 3. Skill Development and Capacity Building: Expand vocational training centers, scholarships, and educational exchanges. Focus on skills relevant to Africa's industrialization and digital transformation, such as IT, engineering, healthcare, and entrepreneurship. Establish more India-Africa Institutes. 4. Agricultural Cooperation and Food Security: Share best practices in sustainable agriculture, irrigation, seed technology, and post-harvest management. Promote contract farming and food processing to enhance food security and create rural employment in Africa. 5. Healthcare and Pharmaceuticals: Strengthen cooperation in affordable healthcare, including generic drug manufacturing, telemedicine, medical tourism, and training of healthcare professionals. India's expertise in low-cost, high-quality pharmaceuticals can be a game-changer for Africa. 6. Digital Economy and Innovation: Leverage India's digital public infrastructure (e.g., UPI, Aadhaar) to support Africa's digital transformation. Promote collabora

Question 20

"Despite the differences between India and Pakistan on various issues, Indus Water Treaty has stood the test of times." In the light of this statement, discuss the recent developments over this issue.

Accepted Answer

The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT), signed in 1960 between India and Pakistan and brokered by the World Bank, is often hailed as one of the most successful water-sharing agreements globally. It has remarkably endured several wars and decades of strained relations between the two nuclear-armed neighbors, allocating the waters of the Indus River system. Under the treaty, India has exclusive use of the Eastern Rivers (Sutlej, Beas, Ravi), while Pakistan has exclusive use of the Western Rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab), with India permitted limited, non-consumptive uses on the Western Rivers, such as run-of-the-river hydroelectric projects. This resilience has indeed allowed it to 'stand the test of times.' However, despite its historical success, the IWT has faced increasing stress and new challenges in recent years, leading to significant developments: 1. Disputes over Indian Hydroelectric Projects: Pakistan has consistently raised objections to India's construction of hydroelectric projects on the Western Rivers, arguing that their design violates the IWT's provisions, particularly concerning pondage capacity and water flow. Key projects that have become points of contention include: Kishenganga Hydroelectric Project (Jhelum River): Pakistan objected to its design, leading to arbitration. The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) largely upheld India's right to divert water for power generation but imposed some restrictions on pondage. Ratle Hydroelectric Project (Chenab River): Pakistan raised concerns about the design and technical specifications of this project, alleging violations of the IWT. 2. Parallel Dispute Resolution Mechanisms: The IWT provides a three-step dispute resolution mechanism: bilateral discussions, reference to a Neutral Expert (NE), and finally, a Court of Arbitration (CoA). In 2016, Pakistan requested the World Bank to establish a CoA for the Kishenganga and Ratle projects. Simultaneously, India requested the appointment of a Neutral Expert for the sa

Question 21

Analyse the stalled progress of Doha Round of WTO negotiations over the differences between the developed and the developing countries.

Accepted Answer

The Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations, launched in 2001 in Doha, Qatar, was ambitiously termed the 'Doha Development Agenda' (DDA) with the explicit aim of placing the needs and interests of developing countries at its heart. However, after more than two decades, the round remains largely stalled, primarily due to fundamental and persistent differences between developed and developing countries across key negotiating areas. Core Differences Leading to Stalled Progress: 1. Agriculture: This was, and remains, the most contentious issue. Developing countries, with large agrarian populations, demanded significant reductions in domestic support (subsidies) and export subsidies provided by developed countries, arguing that these distort global markets and harm their farmers. Developed countries, particularly the US and EU, were reluctant to make deep cuts due to domestic political sensitivities and powerful agricultural lobbies. Conversely, developed countries sought greater market access for their agricultural products in developing countries, which developing nations resisted due to food security concerns and the need to protect nascent agricultural sectors. 2. Non-Agricultural Market Access (NAMA): Developed countries pushed for ambitious tariff reductions on industrial goods in developing countries, arguing for reciprocal market opening. Developing countries, however, sought 'less than full reciprocity,' demanding greater flexibility and policy space to protect their nascent industries and pursue industrialization strategies. They feared that deep tariff cuts would expose their industries to unfair competition from more advanced economies. 3. Services: Developed countries, with their competitive service sectors, advocated for extensive liberalization of services trade (e.g., financial services, telecommunications). Developing countries were more cautious, preferring a gradual approach to liberalization to allow their domestic service sectors to develop and

Question 22

How is the 'Belt and Road Initiative' of China going to affect India-China relations?

Accepted Answer

China's ambitious Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), launched in 2013, is a global infrastructure development strategy aimed at connecting Asia with Africa and Europe through a vast network of roads, railways, ports, pipelines, and other infrastructure projects. While ostensibly an economic initiative, BRI has profound geopolitical implications, and its impact on India-China relations has been largely negative, exacerbating existing tensions and trust deficits. 1. Sovereignty Concerns (CPEC): India's primary and most vocal objection to BRI stems from the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), a flagship BRI project. CPEC passes through Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK), a territory that India claims as its own. India views this as a direct violation of its sovereignty and territorial integrity. This issue is non-negotiable for India and has been a major irritant, leading India to boycott BRI forums and consistently express its disapproval. This directly undermines India's strategic interests and fuels mistrust. 2. Geopolitical Competition and Strategic Encirclement: BRI is perceived by India as a strategy to enhance China's geopolitical influence in India's immediate neighborhood and the wider Indian Ocean Region (IOR). China's investments in ports (e.g., Hambantota in Sri Lanka, Gwadar in Pakistan, Kyaukpyu in Myanmar), railways, and other infrastructure projects in countries like Nepal, Bangladesh, and the Maldives are seen as attempts to create a 'string of pearls' or strategic encirclement around India. Concerns about 'debt-trap diplomacy,' where countries become overly reliant on Chinese loans and influence, further amplify India's anxieties. 3. Economic Implications and Trade Imbalance: While BRI promises connectivity, India is wary of its economic implications. There are concerns that BRI projects primarily benefit Chinese companies and labor, leading to limited local employment and technology transfer. Furthermore, increased connectivity facilitated by BRI coul

Question 23

The recent differences between India and Russia are the result of misconceptions than facts. Elucidate.

Accepted Answer

The relationship between India and Russia has historically been characterized by deep strategic trust, robust defense cooperation, and shared geopolitical interests, often described as a 'special and privileged strategic partnership.' However, in recent years, global geopolitical shifts have led to perceptions of 'differences' or a 'drift' in this relationship. While some adjustments are natural in evolving international dynamics, many of these perceived differences are indeed more a result of misconceptions and misinterpretations rather than fundamental factual divergences. Perceived Differences/Misconceptions: 1. India's Growing Ties with the West (especially the US): Many observers interpret India's deepening strategic partnership with the United States, its participation in the Quad, and increased defense procurement from Western nations as a sign of India moving away from Russia. 2. Diversification of India's Defense Procurement: India, once almost exclusively reliant on Russian military hardware, has diversified its defense imports to include significant purchases from the US, France, and Israel. This is often seen as a diminishing role for Russia. 3. Russia's Closer Ties with China and Pakistan: Russia's growing strategic alignment with China, particularly in the context of Western sanctions, and its limited but symbolic military exercises and arms sales to Pakistan, are viewed with concern in India, suggesting a shift in Russia's priorities. 4. India's Stance on the Ukraine War: India's neutral stance, its abstentions on UN resolutions condemning Russia, and its continued purchase of Russian oil post-invasion have been interpreted by some as India prioritizing its own interests over its traditional democratic allies, or even as a sign of weakening ties with the West, rather than a reflection of its independent foreign policy. Elucidating the Misconceptions vs. Facts: 1. Strategic Autonomy, Not Alignment: India's foreign policy is rooted in strategic autonomy

Question 24

"The Treaty of Perpetual Peace and Friendship between India and Bhutan needs to be revised with more pragmatic, realistic obligations and responsibilities." Comment.

Accepted Answer

The Treaty of Perpetual Peace and Friendship between India and Bhutan, originally signed in 1949, was a cornerstone of their unique bilateral relationship. It established a framework of close cooperation, friendship, and mutual respect. However, as both nations evolved, particularly with Bhutan's transition to a constitutional monarchy and its increasing engagement with the international community, the original treaty's provisions, especially Article 2, began to appear anachronistic and less aligned with contemporary realities. The Original Treaty (1949): Article 2 of the 1949 treaty stated that "the Government of India undertakes to exercise no interference in the internal administration of Bhutan. On its part the Government of Bhutan agrees to be guided by the advice of the Government of India in regard to its external relations." While intended to protect Bhutan's sovereignty and provide security assurances, this clause increasingly became a point of discussion as Bhutan sought to assert its independent foreign policy and engage directly with other nations and international organizations. Need for Revision: 1. Bhutan's Sovereignty and Democratic Transition: With Bhutan's gradual opening up and its move towards a democratic constitutional monarchy, there was a growing desire within the country to exercise full sovereignty, particularly in its foreign policy decisions, without explicit guidance from India. 2. Evolving Geopolitical Landscape: The regional and global geopolitical environment had changed significantly since 1949. Bhutan's need for a more independent and diversified foreign policy became evident as it sought to balance its relationships and pursue its national interests on the global stage. 3. Strengthening Bilateral Ties: A revision was seen as an opportunity to modernize the relationship, moving from a patron-client dynamic to one based on greater equality, mutual respect, and contemporary partnership, thereby strengthening the long-term bond. The Re

Question 25

'Uniting for Consensus' also known as 'Coffee Club' has opposed the claims of India and other countries over permanent membership of the UN Security Council. Point out their major objections.

Accepted Answer

The 'Uniting for Consensus' (UfC) group, often dubbed the 'Coffee Club,' is a coalition of countries that staunchly opposes the expansion of permanent seats in the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). This group, which includes nations like Italy, Pakistan, Mexico, Egypt, Argentina, South Korea, Spain, and Turkey, has consistently voiced strong objections to the aspirations of countries like India, Brazil, Germany, and Japan (collectively known as the G4) for permanent membership. Their major objections stem from several core principles and concerns: Firstly, the UfC argues that expanding the category of permanent members would exacerbate the existing inequalities within the UNSC, making it less democratic and less accountable. They contend that creating new centers of privilege would further entrench a two-tiered system, undermining the principle of sovereign equality among member states. The current permanent five (P5) members already possess veto power, which the UfC views as an anachronistic and undemocratic feature. Adding more permanent members, especially with veto power, would only compound this problem, potentially leading to greater gridlock and inefficiency in decision-making. Secondly, the UfC advocates for an increase solely in the number of non-permanent, elected seats. They believe that this approach would allow for greater regional representation and rotation, ensuring that a broader range of countries has the opportunity to serve on the Council and contribute to global peace and security. This model, they argue, would enhance the Council's legitimacy and responsiveness to the diverse interests of the UN's general membership, as elected members are accountable to their respective regional groups. Thirdly, the group raises concerns about the representativeness of potential new permanent members. They argue that granting permanent status to a few countries from specific regions would not genuinely represent the entire region and could, in fact, inte

Question 26

The natural behaviour of India and the United States is likely to serve each other's interests. Hence, a deliberate strategy of dovetailing their efforts will obviously benefit both. Elaborate.

Accepted Answer

The relationship between India and the United States has evolved significantly, moving from a period of estrangement during the Cold War to a comprehensive global strategic partnership. This transformation is rooted in a convergence of natural interests and shared values, making a deliberate strategy of dovetailing their efforts mutually beneficial and strategically imperative. At the core of this convergence are shared democratic values. Both nations are vibrant, pluralistic democracies committed to the rule of law, individual liberties, and open societies. This ideological alignment provides a strong foundation for cooperation and mutual trust. Geopolitically, both countries share a common vision for a free, open, inclusive, and rules-based Indo-Pacific region. The rise of China and its assertive actions in the region have created a strong impetus for India and the US to collaborate on maintaining regional stability, freedom of navigation, and adherence to international law. This shared objective is evident in multilateral forums like the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD), where they work alongside Japan and Australia. Economically, the two nations present significant complementarities. The United States is a global leader in technology, innovation, and capital, while India offers a vast and growing market, a large skilled workforce, and a burgeoning entrepreneurial ecosystem. Dovetailing efforts in this domain involves increasing bilateral trade and investment, fostering technology transfer (especially in critical and emerging technologies like AI, semiconductors, and space), and building resilient supply chains. India's economic growth and its potential as a manufacturing hub offer diversification opportunities for US businesses, reducing reliance on other single-source economies. Conversely, US investment and technology are crucial for India's modernization and development goals. In the realm of security and defense, cooperation has deepened substantially.

Question 27

Do you subscribe to the idea that in the new evolving Asian dynamics, Japan and India have not only moved closer in economic cooperation, but also in strategic partnership?

Accepted Answer

Yes, I strongly subscribe to the idea that in the new evolving Asian dynamics, Japan and India have indeed moved significantly closer, not only in economic cooperation but also in forging a robust strategic partnership. This deepening relationship is a defining feature of contemporary Indo-Pacific geopolitics, driven by shared interests, complementary strengths, and a common vision for regional stability and prosperity. On the economic front, Japan has historically been a crucial development partner for India, providing significant Official Development Assistance (ODA) for large-scale infrastructure projects such as the Delhi Metro, the Western Dedicated Freight Corridor, and the Mumbai-Ahmedabad High-Speed Rail. This cooperation has expanded to include substantial Japanese foreign direct investment in India's manufacturing sector, particularly in automotive, electronics, and infrastructure. Both nations are actively working to enhance bilateral trade and investment, recognizing India's vast market potential and Japan's technological prowess. A key aspect of their economic collaboration is the focus on supply chain resilience, particularly in the wake of global disruptions and the need to diversify away from over-reliance on single sources. Initiatives like the Supply Chain Resilience Initiative (SCRI), involving Australia, India, and Japan, underscore this shared objective. Beyond economics, the strategic partnership between Japan and India has blossomed, primarily driven by a convergence of geopolitical interests and shared democratic values. Both countries are vibrant democracies committed to a rules-based international order, freedom of navigation, and peaceful resolution of disputes. A major catalyst for this strategic alignment is the evolving security landscape in the Indo-Pacific, particularly the growing assertiveness of China. Both Tokyo and New Delhi share concerns about China's expansionist tendencies in the East and South China Seas, as well as in the I

Question 28

The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) has failed to achieve the ultimate objective of Global Nuclear Disarmament. Discuss the deficiency in the provision of NPT.

Accepted Answer

The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), established in 1968, is widely considered the cornerstone of the global nuclear non-proliferation regime. Its ultimate objective, as enshrined in its preamble and Article VI, is to achieve global nuclear disarmament. However, despite its successes in limiting horizontal proliferation (the spread of nuclear weapons to new states), the NPT has demonstrably fallen short of its disarmament goal, largely due to inherent deficiencies in its provisions and implementation. One of the most significant deficiencies is the treaty's inherently discriminatory nature. It divides the world into 'Nuclear Weapon States' (NWS), defined as those that detonated a nuclear device before January 1, 1967 (the US, UK, France, Russia, and China), and 'Non-Nuclear Weapon States' (NNWS). This creates a permanent class of nuclear 'haves' and 'have-nots,' which is perceived by many NNWS as fundamentally unfair and a violation of the principle of sovereign equality. While NNWS commit to not acquiring nuclear weapons, NWS commit to pursuing good faith negotiations on nuclear disarmament. This imbalance has led to resentment and a sense that the NPT legitimizes the possession of nuclear weapons by a select few, rather than working towards their universal elimination. Secondly, the NPT lacks a robust and enforceable mechanism to compel NWS to fulfill their Article VI disarmament obligations. Article VI is often criticized for being vague, lacking specific timelines, and not having any punitive measures for non-compliance by NWS. Consequently, while horizontal proliferation has been largely contained, vertical proliferation (the qualitative improvement and modernization of existing nuclear arsenals by NWS) has continued. Many NWS have not only maintained but also upgraded their nuclear capabilities, contradicting the spirit of disarmament and undermining the credibility of their commitment to Article VI. Thirdly, the NPT's universality remains incomplete. S

Political Science and IR Optional 2017 Paper II

28 Questions Available

Political Science and IR Optional 2017 Paper II

28 Questions Available

Question 1: Critically examine the Globalisation in the past 25 years from the perspectives of the Western world.

Question 2: Examine the LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender) movement in developed societies and how it is affecting the political participation in devel

Question 3: American President Donald Trump's proposal to withdraw from the 'NAFTA' would bring unforeseen consequences to the regionalisation of world politics.

Question 4: Give an assessment of the Feminist critique of contemporary global issues.

Question 5: Is Realist Approach the best method to understand International Relations? Examine this in the context of Classical Realism.

Question 6: How has the development of Global Capitalism changed the nature of socialist economies and developing societies?

Question 7: Explain the Political-Sociological Approach in the field of comparative politics and discuss its limitations.

Question 8: Discuss the changing nature of modern state with reference to transnational actors.

Question 9: The development of advanced missile technology and nuclear threat by North Korea has challenged the American hegemony in South-East Asia. Evaluate the

Question 10: Do you endorse the view that the end of Bipolarity and the rise of multiple regional organisations has made Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) more or less ir

Question 11: Do you agree with the view that despite the limitations in the functioning of the UN, it has distinguished and unique achievements to its credit?

Question 12: The recent move of USA to withdraw from the Paris Climate Agreement is a setback in the consensus achieved on protecting the world environment. In thi

Question 13: How has 'BREXIT' affected the regionalisation process initiated by European Union and what could be its likely impacts in the regionalisation process

Question 14: Examine the World Systems Approach as developed by Immanuel Wallerstein.

Question 15: Examine the Indian National Movement and geographical location of India as determinants of India's foreign policy.

Question 16: What are the impediments in the development of South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA)?

Question 17: "India has been the largest and consistent country contributing to the UN peacekeepers worldwide." Examine India's role in this perspective.

Question 18: Has the recent Indo-Israeli relationships given a new dynamics to India's stand on Palestinian statehood?

Question 19: Suggest measures so that India's partnership with Africa becomes a true symbol of South-South Cooperation, delivering clear-cut economic and political

Question 20: "Despite the differences between India and Pakistan on various issues, Indus Water Treaty has stood the test of times." In the light of this statement

Question 21: Analyse the stalled progress of Doha Round of WTO negotiations over the differences between the developed and the developing countries.

Question 22: How is the 'Belt and Road Initiative' of China going to affect India-China relations?

Question 23: The recent differences between India and Russia are the result of misconceptions than facts. Elucidate.

Question 24: "The Treaty of Perpetual Peace and Friendship between India and Bhutan needs to be revised with more pragmatic, realistic obligations and responsibili

Question 25: 'Uniting for Consensus' also known as 'Coffee Club' has opposed the claims of India and other countries over permanent membership of the UN Security C

Question 26: The natural behaviour of India and the United States is likely to serve each other's interests. Hence, a deliberate strategy of dovetailing their effo

Question 27: Do you subscribe to the idea that in the new evolving Asian dynamics, Japan and India have not only moved closer in economic cooperation, but also in

Question 28: The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) has failed to achieve the ultimate objective of Global Nuclear Disarmament. Discuss the deficiency in the p