The Indian national movement was fundamentally anti-imperialist, driven by the desire to end British colonial rule and assert India's right to self-determination. However, its character was not static; it evolved significantly over time, becoming progressively more radical in its socio-economic and political programmes, reflecting changing aspirations and the growing involvement of diverse sections of society.

Initially, the movement, led by the Moderates (late 19th century), was characterized by constitutional methods, petitions, and appeals to British justice. Their demands were limited to administrative reforms, greater Indian representation in legislative councils, and economic critique of colonial exploitation. While anti-imperialist in spirit, their approach was cautious and elitist.

The turn of the 20th century saw the rise of Extremists (e.g., Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal), who advocated for 'Swaraj' (self-rule) as a birthright, employing more assertive methods like boycott, Swadeshi, and passive resistance. This marked a significant political radicalization, moving beyond mere reforms to demanding greater autonomy.

The advent of Mahatma Gandhi transformed the movement into a mass phenomenon. His non-violent non-cooperation, Civil Disobedience, and Quit India movements brought millions of ordinary Indians, including peasants, workers, women, and students, into the political arena. This mass participation inherently radicalized the movement, broadening its social base and making its demands more uncompromising. Gandhi's emphasis on 'Purna Swaraj' (complete independence) became the unequivocal political goal.

Simultaneously, socio-economic issues gained prominence. Early economic critiques evolved into demands for land reform, abolition of landlordism, and industrial development. The rise of socialist and communist ideologies within the Congress and outside (e.g., Congress Socialist Party, Communist Party of India) pushed for more radical socio-economic restructuring, advocating for workers' rights, peasant welfare, and state control over key industries. Leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru championed a socialist vision for independent India, emphasizing economic equality and social justice.

By its later stages, the national movement was not just about political independence but also about creating a new social and economic order. It challenged not only British rule but also internal inequalities based on caste, class, and gender, albeit with varying degrees of success. This increasing radicalization, encompassing both political freedom and a vision for a more equitable society, ultimately shaped the foundational principles of independent India.