The concept of balance of power is a fundamental theory in international relations, particularly within the realist tradition. It refers to a state of affairs in which no single state or bloc of states is strong enough to dominate or threaten the security of others. The primary goal of a balance of power system is to prevent hegemony by any one power and thus maintain stability and peace, albeit often through a precarious equilibrium. It assumes that states are rational actors primarily driven by self-interest and a desire for survival, leading them to constantly assess and adjust their power relative to others.

Various techniques are employed by states to maintain or restore a balance of power:

1. Alliances and Counter-Alliances: States form alliances with others to pool resources and military capabilities, thereby balancing the power of a stronger state or rival alliance. If one alliance becomes too powerful, others may form a counter-alliance.
2. Armaments and Disarmament: States may increase their military capabilities (armaments) to match or deter potential adversaries. Conversely, disarmament treaties can be used to reduce the military strength of rivals, or to prevent an arms race that could destabilize the balance.
3. Intervention: Stronger states might intervene in the affairs of weaker states to prevent them from falling under the influence of a rival power, or to support a weaker state against a stronger aggressor.
4. Territorial Adjustments/Compensation: After conflicts, territories might be redistributed among states to create a more equitable distribution of power or to reward allies and punish aggressors.
5. Buffer States: Creating or maintaining neutral buffer states between rival powers can help absorb potential conflicts and prevent direct confrontation.
6. Divide and Rule: A powerful state might seek to weaken potential rivals by encouraging internal divisions or conflicts among them.
7. Diplomacy and Negotiations: Constant diplomatic engagement, negotiations, and treaties are crucial for managing rivalries, resolving disputes, and adjusting power relations without resorting to force.
8. Economic Sanctions: Imposing economic penalties on a state can weaken its capacity to project power and thus contribute to balancing efforts.

These techniques are often used in combination, reflecting the dynamic and complex nature of international power politics.