The post-liberalization period in India (since 1991) witnessed rapid economic growth, increased industrialization, and a shift towards consumerist consumption patterns. This era's high concentration of economic activities, driven by market forces and global integration, often prioritized development projects over environmental protection, leading to significant ecological degradation. This context has indeed posed immense challenges to environmental movements in India, often leading to their perceived 'failure' in achieving their objectives.

Intensified resource extraction (mining, deforestation for infrastructure), increased pollution from industries, and the promotion of a 'use and throw' consumer culture have put immense pressure on natural resources. Environmental movements, despite their grassroots strength (e.g., Narmada Bachao Andolan, Chipko Movement), often found themselves up against powerful corporate interests and a state apparatus keen on economic growth. Policy implementation gaps, regulatory capture, and the allure of 'development' (jobs, infrastructure) often overshadowed environmental concerns, making it difficult for movements to garner widespread public and political support. The dominant narrative of economic progress often marginalized environmental concerns, portraying activists as anti-development. While these movements have raised awareness and achieved some localized successes, the overarching economic priorities and consumption patterns of the post-liberalization era have made it challenging for them to fundamentally alter the trajectory of environmental degradation on a national scale.