The 'decline of liberalism' refers to the contemporary challenges and perceived weakening of liberal democratic principles and institutions globally. Historically, liberalism, with its emphasis on individual rights, free markets, limited government, and democratic governance, became a dominant ideology. However, recent decades have witnessed a resurgence of illiberal forces. Economically, the 2008 financial crisis and growing income inequality have fueled skepticism about free-market capitalism, leading to calls for greater state intervention or alternative economic models. Politically, the rise of populism, nationalism, and authoritarian leaders in various parts of the world has challenged liberal democratic norms, such as respect for minority rights, independent institutions, and the rule of law. Socially, identity politics and cultural polarization have strained the liberal ideal of a unified civic society. Furthermore, global challenges like climate change, mass migration, and the spread of misinformation through digital platforms pose complex problems that traditional liberal frameworks struggle to address effectively. These factors collectively contribute to a sense that liberalism is facing a significant crisis of legitimacy and efficacy, prompting debates about its future and potential transformations.