Question 1

“Constitutionalism is the foundation of the administrative edifice in India.” Discuss.

Accepted Answer

Constitutionalism, in the Indian context, signifies governance strictly according to the provisions of the Constitution, which acts as the supreme law of the land. It embodies the principle of limited government, where the powers of all state organs – the legislature, executive, and judiciary – are derived from and constrained by the Constitution. This concept is indeed the bedrock of India's administrative edifice, ensuring that public administration operates within a framework of legality, accountability, and public welfare. The administrative structure in India, from the Union to the local level, draws its legitimacy and functional boundaries from the Constitution. Articles like 309-323 deal with public services, establishing the framework for recruitment, conditions of service, and the role of bodies like the UPSC and State Public Service Commissions. This ensures a merit-based, politically neutral bureaucracy, essential for impartial administration. Furthermore, fundamental rights enshrined in Part III of the Constitution act as a crucial check on administrative actions, preventing arbitrary or oppressive exercise of power. Any administrative action that violates these rights can be challenged in courts, reinforcing the supremacy of constitutional principles. The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) in Part IV, though not justiciable, provide a moral and ethical compass for administrative policy-making, guiding the state towards achieving social and economic justice. This means that administrative decisions are not merely about efficiency but also about equity and welfare. The separation of powers, judicial review, and the independent judiciary further strengthen constitutionalism by ensuring that administrative actions are subject to legal scrutiny and that the executive does not overstep its bounds. Thus, every administrative decision, policy formulation, and implementation must align with the spirit and letter of the Constitution, making constitutiona

Question 2

“The status and functioning of the Cabinet Secretariat face a stiff challenge from the Prime Minister’s Office (PMO).” Argue both in favour and against the contention.

Accepted Answer

The contention that the Cabinet Secretariat faces a stiff challenge from the Prime Minister's Office (PMO) is a recurring theme in discussions about Indian administration, with valid arguments both for and against it. Arguments in favour of the contention: Historically, the Cabinet Secretariat was the principal coordinating agency for the Union government, responsible for inter-ministerial coordination, preparing Cabinet meeting agendas, and ensuring follow-up on Cabinet decisions. However, with the increasing centralization of power in the PMO, especially under strong Prime Ministers, the PMO has expanded its role significantly. It often acts as a parallel secretariat, directly engaging with ministries, issuing directives, and even reviewing policy proposals before they reach the Cabinet. This can lead to a bypass of the Cabinet Secretariat's traditional functions, reducing its influence and making it appear as a mere formality. The PMO's direct access to the Prime Minister and its ability to quickly mobilize resources and information can overshadow the Cabinet Secretariat, which operates through more formal, bureaucratic channels. This shift can dilute the Cabinet Secretary's authority as the head of the civil services and the principal advisor to the Cabinet. Arguments against the contention: Despite the PMO's growing influence, the Cabinet Secretariat retains its unique and indispensable constitutional and administrative role. It is the administrative head of the Cabinet, responsible for the transaction of government business rules, and provides secretarial assistance to the Cabinet and its committees. The Cabinet Secretary, as the senior-most civil servant, plays a crucial role in maintaining the continuity and stability of administration, coordinating policy implementation, and resolving inter-ministerial disputes. The PMO, while powerful, is primarily an advisory and coordinating body for the Prime Minister, whereas the Cabinet Secretariat serves the entire C

Question 3

“Effectiveness of local self-government institutions is hampered due to the lack of capacity building of the elected representatives.” Elaborate.

Accepted Answer

The effectiveness of local self-government institutions (Panchayati Raj Institutions and Urban Local Bodies) in India, despite their constitutional recognition through the 73rd and 74th Amendments, is significantly hampered by the inadequate capacity building of their elected representatives. These institutions are envisioned as the bedrock of grassroots democracy and decentralized governance, but their potential often remains unrealized due to several capacity-related challenges. Firstly, many elected representatives, particularly in rural areas, lack formal education or prior administrative experience. This can lead to difficulties in understanding complex government schemes, financial regulations, legal frameworks, and the intricacies of public policy. Without a clear grasp of their roles, responsibilities, and the powers vested in them, they struggle to make informed decisions or effectively oversee local administration. Secondly, there is often a deficit in training related to planning, budgeting, and project implementation. Local bodies are tasked with preparing development plans and managing funds for various sectors like health, education, and infrastructure. If representatives are not adequately trained in participatory planning techniques, financial management, procurement processes, and monitoring and evaluation, funds may be mismanaged, projects may be poorly executed, or resources may not reach the intended beneficiaries efficiently. Thirdly, a lack of awareness regarding constitutional provisions, statutory powers, and the principles of good governance (transparency, accountability, citizen participation) can undermine democratic functioning. Representatives might not know how to conduct gram sabhas effectively, engage with citizens, or hold local officials accountable, leading to a top-down approach rather than genuine local self-governance. Finally, the absence of continuous learning and skill development programs means that representatives often rel

Question 4

“Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) in India face tough competition from the private enterprises and Multi-National Corporations (MNCs).” Explain.

Accepted Answer

Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) in India, established with objectives ranging from strategic sector development to employment generation and social welfare, increasingly face intense competition from private enterprises and Multi-National Corporations (MNCs). This competition stems from several factors, particularly since India's economic liberalization in the early 1990s. Private enterprises, driven by profit motives and market efficiency, often possess greater agility and flexibility in decision-making. They can quickly adapt to changing market conditions, innovate products and services, and optimize operational costs. This allows them to offer competitive pricing and superior customer service, which PSUs, often burdened by bureaucratic procedures, legacy systems, and social obligations, find challenging to match. Private players also have easier access to capital markets and can make swift investment decisions without extensive governmental approvals. MNCs, on the other hand, bring global best practices, advanced technology, vast financial resources, and extensive research and development capabilities. Their global supply chains, economies of scale, and strong brand recognition give them a significant edge. They can introduce cutting-edge products and services, often at competitive prices, and attract top talent with attractive compensation packages. This is particularly evident in sectors like telecommunications, manufacturing, and consumer goods, where MNCs have captured substantial market share. PSUs often operate under multiple constraints, including government interference, political appointments, rigid labor laws, and a lack of autonomy in strategic decisions. They may also carry the burden of social objectives, such as maintaining employment levels or operating in unprofitable regions, which private players are not obligated to do. This can lead to higher operational costs and lower profitability, making it difficult for them to compete effectively on pr

Question 5

Do you think that ‘All India Judicial Service (AIJS)’ would contribute to timely delivery of justice to the citizens? Argue your case.

Accepted Answer

The proposal for an All India Judicial Service (AIJS), akin to the All India Services like IAS and IPS, is often debated as a potential reform to improve the timely delivery of justice. While it holds promise, its actual contribution to timely justice is subject to various factors and potential challenges. Arguments in favour of AIJS contributing to timely justice: 1. Merit-based Recruitment: AIJS would ensure a standardized, merit-based recruitment process for district judges across the country, attracting the best legal talent. This could lead to a higher quality of judicial officers, better equipped to handle complex cases efficiently and reduce delays caused by judicial incompetence. 2. Uniformity and Professionalism: A centralized recruitment and training system would foster uniformity in standards, professionalism, and judicial ethics across states. This could lead to more consistent application of law and faster disposal of cases. 3. Reduced Vacancies: AIJS could address the persistent problem of judicial vacancies in lower courts by streamlining the recruitment process and ensuring a regular supply of judges. A full complement of judges would directly contribute to reducing case backlogs and speeding up trials. 4. Enhanced Training: A national-level service could facilitate better and more uniform training programs, including specialized training in case management, alternative dispute resolution, and the use of technology, which are crucial for efficient justice delivery. 5. Reduced Local Influence: Centralized recruitment could insulate judges from local political pressures and influences, promoting impartiality and faster decision-making without fear or favour. Arguments against AIJS or its limited impact on timely justice: 1. Language Barrier: Justice is often delivered in local languages at the district level. Judges recruited through AIJS and posted in states with different languages might face significant challenges, potentially slowing down proceedin

Question 6

“The market reforms have not infringed the basic structure of the Constitution of India, but have largely compromised the realisation of the ideals of social and economic justice.” Comment.

Accepted Answer

The statement posits a nuanced view on India's market reforms, suggesting they respect the basic structure of the Constitution while simultaneously undermining social and economic justice. This perspective holds considerable merit. Market Reforms and Basic Structure: India's economic liberalization, initiated in 1991, involved opening up the economy, privatization, and reducing state control. These reforms primarily targeted economic policies and regulations. The 'basic structure doctrine,' established by the Supreme Court in Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973), identifies certain fundamental features of the Constitution that cannot be amended. These include the supremacy of the Constitution, republican and democratic form of government, secular character, separation of powers, and the federal character. Market reforms, by their nature, do not directly alter these foundational principles. They operate within the existing constitutional framework, modifying economic policies rather than the constitutional architecture itself. For instance, while privatization changes ownership patterns, it doesn't challenge the democratic or republican nature of the state. Therefore, it is largely accurate to say that market reforms have not infringed upon the basic structure. Compromising Social and Economic Justice: However, the impact on social and economic justice, enshrined in the Preamble and Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP), is more contentious. The ideals of social and economic justice aim to reduce inequalities, ensure a dignified life for all, and promote equitable distribution of resources. While market reforms have undeniably spurred economic growth, increased wealth, and lifted many out of poverty, they have also been criticized for exacerbating inequalities. 1. Increased Inequality: The benefits of growth have not been evenly distributed. Wealth concentration has increased, with a widening gap between the rich and the poor. This is evident in dispar

Question 7

“The idea of lateral entry into the Civil Services would energise Indian administration.” What are its possible advantages and limitations?

Accepted Answer

The concept of lateral entry into the Civil Services, which involves inducting specialists from the private sector, academia, or other government organizations directly into senior positions, is often touted as a reform that could significantly energize Indian administration. However, it comes with a distinct set of advantages and limitations. Possible Advantages: 1. Infusion of Specialized Expertise: Lateral entry can bring in domain-specific knowledge and skills that may be lacking within the traditional generalist bureaucracy. For instance, experts in finance, technology, infrastructure, or specific policy areas can contribute significantly to complex policy formulation and implementation. 2. Fresh Perspectives and Innovation: Outsiders often bring new ideas, innovative approaches, and best practices from their respective fields, challenging conventional bureaucratic thinking and fostering a culture of dynamism and problem-solving. 3. Performance Orientation: Professionals from the private sector are typically accustomed to result-oriented work environments, which can instill a greater focus on efficiency, accountability, and measurable outcomes within the administration. 4. Reduced Bureaucratic Inertia: By introducing individuals not steeped in traditional bureaucratic processes, lateral entry can help cut through red tape, accelerate decision-making, and improve project delivery. 5. Benchmarking and Competition: The presence of lateral entrants can create healthy competition within the civil services, encouraging existing officers to upgrade their skills and perform better. Limitations and Challenges: 1. Lack of Understanding of Government Functioning: Lateral entrants, despite their expertise, may lack a comprehensive understanding of government rules, procedures, political sensitivities, and the unique challenges of public administration. This can lead to difficulties in navigating the system and implementing policies effectively. 2. Resistance from Incumbent

Question 8

Pro-Active Governance And Timely Implementation (PRAGATI) is an innovative project of the Union Government." Discuss its features and modalities.

Accepted Answer

PRAGATI, an acronym for Pro-Active Governance And Timely Implementation, is a multi-modal, multi-purpose governance platform launched by the Prime Minister of India. It represents a significant step towards enhancing transparency, accountability, and efficiency in the Union Government's functioning. Features of PRAGATI: 1. Real-time Monitoring: It enables the Prime Minister to review and monitor the progress of various government projects and programs across different ministries and states in real-time. 2. Grievance Redressal: The platform integrates various grievance redressal mechanisms, allowing for the direct monitoring of public grievances and ensuring their timely resolution. 3. Project Implementation Review: PRAGATI focuses on reviewing major infrastructure projects, particularly those facing delays or cost overruns, to identify bottlenecks and facilitate their speedy completion. 4. Data Integration: It brings together data from various central and state government departments, providing a comprehensive overview of project status and performance. 5. Multi-modal Interaction: The platform facilitates interaction through video conferencing, allowing the Prime Minister to directly engage with central secretaries and state chief secretaries. 6. Focus on Key Areas: It prioritizes critical areas such as infrastructure, social sector programs, and public grievances, ensuring high-level attention to these issues. Modalities of PRAGATI: 1. Prime Ministerial Oversight: The Prime Minister chairs the PRAGATI meetings, typically held on the fourth Wednesday of every month, demonstrating the highest level of political commitment to project monitoring and problem-solving. 2. Collaborative Approach: The platform fosters a collaborative environment by bringing together top officials from various Union Government ministries and state governments. This ensures that inter-ministerial and centre-state coordination issues are addressed promptly. 3. Technology-Driven: PRAGATI levera

Question 9

The position of the Council of Ministers in a State is reduced to that of a body of secretaries in the presence of a domineering Chief Minister." Critically analyse with examples.

Accepted Answer

In a parliamentary democracy, the Council of Ministers, headed by the Chief Minister (CM), is collectively responsible for the administration of the state. Ideally, the CM is considered 'first among equals,' guiding the cabinet while respecting the individual portfolios and contributions of other ministers. However, the statement highlights a critical concern: the potential for a domineering CM to diminish the role of the Council of Ministers, reducing them to mere implementers or even figureheads, akin to secretaries. Analysis of the Phenomenon: 1. Centralization of Power: A domineering CM tends to centralize decision-making, often bypassing cabinet discussions or presenting decisions as faits accomplis. Key policy initiatives and administrative appointments may be driven solely by the CM's office, marginalizing the respective ministers. 2. Erosion of Collective Responsibility: The principle of collective responsibility, where all ministers stand by cabinet decisions, can be undermined. Ministers might feel compelled to endorse decisions they had little input in, or even privately disagree with, out of fear of reprisal or loss of portfolio. 3. Ministerial Autonomy Reduced: Individual ministers, who are constitutionally responsible for their departments, may find their autonomy severely curtailed. Their role might be limited to executing directives from the CM's office rather than formulating policy or exercising independent judgment. 4. Increased Bureaucratic Influence: In such a scenario, the bureaucracy, particularly the Chief Secretary and the CM's personal staff, can gain undue influence. They might become the primary channels for information and decision-making, further sidelining elected ministers. 5. Impact on Governance: While a strong CM can provide decisive leadership, excessive centralization can lead to a lack of diverse perspectives in policy formulation, reduced accountability, and a disconnect between departmental expertise and decision-making. It ca

Question 10

Indianisation of Public Services is a slow but steady process." Explain.

Accepted Answer

The 'Indianisation' of public services refers to the gradual transformation of the administrative machinery in India from its colonial origins to one that is truly representative, responsive, and aligned with the needs and aspirations of an independent, democratic nation. This process, indeed, has been slow but steady, marked by significant reforms and continuous evolution. Colonial Legacy and Initial Challenges: Public services in India, particularly the Indian Civil Service (ICS), were a creation of the British Raj, designed primarily to maintain law and order, collect revenue, and serve imperial interests. They were largely dominated by British officers, with limited opportunities for Indians. Post-independence, the challenge was to dismantle this colonial structure and mindset while retaining its strengths in efficiency and impartiality. The 'Slow but Steady' Process: 1. Constitutional Framework: The Constitution of India laid the foundation for a merit-based, unified All India Services (AIS) and State Services, ensuring stability and continuity. However, it also introduced provisions for affirmative action (reservations for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and later Other Backward Classes) to make the services more representative of India's diverse population. This was a deliberate, albeit gradual, step towards inclusivity. 2. Shift in Orientation: The focus shifted from a 'law and order' and 'revenue collection' administration to 'development administration.' Public servants were now tasked with nation-building, poverty alleviation, and implementing welfare schemes. This required a change in training, ethos, and approach, which took time to inculcate across the vast bureaucracy. 3. Language Policy: The debate over official languages (Hindi vs. regional languages vs. English) reflected the challenge of making administration accessible to all citizens. While English continues to play a significant role, the increasing use of Hindi and regional languages in ad

Question 11

Digitalisation of land records is a necessary but not sufficient precondition for ensuring transparent district administration." Explain.

Accepted Answer

The digitalization of land records involves converting paper-based land ownership and transaction documents into digital formats, creating a centralized, accessible database. This initiative is widely recognized as a crucial step towards improving governance, particularly in district administration, which often deals extensively with land-related matters. However, while necessary, it is not a standalone solution for achieving complete transparency. Why Digitalization is Necessary: 1. Enhanced Transparency: Digital records are less susceptible to manual manipulation, tampering, or loss. Public access to land information (ownership, mutations, encumbrances) can significantly reduce opacity and the scope for fraudulent transactions. 2. Increased Efficiency: Digital systems streamline processes like property registration, mutation, and issuance of land certificates. This reduces delays, minimizes bureaucratic hurdles, and improves service delivery to citizens. 3. Reduced Corruption: By minimizing human interface and discretion, digitalization can curb opportunities for corruption, bribery, and rent-seeking by officials and middlemen. 4. Improved Dispute Resolution: Clear, verifiable digital records can significantly aid in resolving land disputes, which are a major source of litigation and social conflict in India. 5. Better Planning and Development: Accurate and up-to-date land data is vital for urban and rural planning, infrastructure development, disaster management, and effective implementation of land-based welfare schemes. 6. Financial Inclusion: Clear land titles facilitate access to institutional credit for farmers and property owners, as land can be used as collateral more easily. Why it is Not Sufficient: 1. Data Accuracy and Legacy Issues: The quality of digitized data depends heavily on the accuracy of original paper records. Many old records contain errors, discrepancies, or are incomplete. Without thorough ground-truthing, resurveying, and data cleansing,

Question 12

Bureaucracy has to make a balance between the need for environmental sustainability and developmental imperatives." Discuss.

Accepted Answer

The bureaucracy in any nation, particularly in developing countries like India, faces the complex and often conflicting challenge of balancing the imperative for economic development with the critical need for environmental sustainability. This tension arises because developmental activities frequently involve resource extraction, industrialization, and infrastructure projects that can have significant ecological impacts, while environmental protection measures can sometimes be perceived as hindering economic growth. Developmental Imperatives: Nations strive for economic growth to alleviate poverty, create employment, improve living standards, and provide essential services. This often translates into policies promoting industrialization, infrastructure development (roads, dams, power plants), urbanization, and agricultural expansion. The bureaucracy is tasked with implementing these policies, facilitating investments, and ensuring the delivery of developmental benefits to the populace. Environmental Sustainability: Simultaneously, there is a growing global and national recognition of the finite nature of natural resources, the impacts of climate change, pollution, and biodiversity loss. Environmental sustainability demands the conservation of ecosystems, judicious use of resources, pollution control, and the adoption of practices that ensure the well-being of future generations. The bureaucracy is responsible for enforcing environmental laws, conducting impact assessments, and promoting sustainable practices. The Bureaucracy's Role in Balancing Act: 1. Policy Formulation and Implementation: Bureaucrats play a crucial role in translating political visions into actionable policies. They must integrate environmental considerations into developmental plans from the outset, rather than treating them as afterthoughts. 2. Regulatory Function: Environmental agencies within the bureaucracy are responsible for granting clearances (e.g., Environmental Impact Assessments - EIA

Question 13

The Chief Secretary is often termed as the alter ego of the Chief Minister." Discuss, with examples, the dynamics of their relationships in State administration.

Accepted Answer

The Chief Secretary (CS) holds the most pivotal position in the state administration, serving as the administrative head of the state secretariat and the chief of the state civil services. The term 'alter ego' – meaning 'another self' or a very close and trusted friend/advisor – aptly describes the ideal relationship between the Chief Secretary and the Chief Minister (CM). This relationship is critical for effective governance, and its dynamics significantly influence the functioning of the entire state administration. Why the Chief Secretary is the 'Alter Ego' of the Chief Minister: 1. Principal Advisor: The CS is the CM's primary and most trusted advisor on all administrative, policy, and personnel matters. They provide an objective, non-partisan perspective, drawing upon their extensive experience and knowledge of rules and procedures. 2. Head of Administration: The CS ensures that the CM's vision and policy directives are effectively translated into administrative action across all departments. They coordinate the work of various secretaries and departments, ensuring coherence and efficiency. 3. Secretary to the Cabinet: The CS prepares the agenda for cabinet meetings, records decisions, and ensures their implementation. They are privy to all cabinet deliberations and play a crucial role in maintaining cabinet secrecy and collective responsibility. 4. Crisis Manager: In times of crisis (natural disasters, law and order issues), the CS is the CM's key operational arm, coordinating relief efforts, mobilizing resources, and providing real-time updates. 5. Link between Political and Permanent Executive: The CS acts as the crucial bridge between the elected political executive (CM and Council of Ministers) and the permanent administrative executive (bureaucracy). Dynamics of their Relationship in State Administration: 1. Trust and Confidence: The most fundamental aspect of this relationship is mutual trust and confidence. A CM must have complete faith in the CS's loy

Question 14

District Planning Committee (DPC) has been the weakest structure in the local self-government mechanism in India." Analyse with examples.

Accepted Answer

The District Planning Committee (DPC) was mandated by Article 243ZD of the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992, with the crucial objective of consolidating plans prepared by Panchayats and Municipalities in the district and preparing a draft development plan for the entire district. This was envisioned as a cornerstone of decentralized planning, fostering integrated development at the grassroots level. However, despite its constitutional backing, the DPC has largely remained one of the weakest and least effective structures in India's local self-government mechanism. Reasons for the Weakness of DPCs: 1. Lack of Political Will and Devolution: State governments have been reluctant to genuinely devolve powers, functions, and financial resources to DPCs. The spirit of bottom-up planning, where local bodies formulate plans that are then consolidated by the DPC, has often been undermined by top-down directives from state planning departments. Example: In many states, DPCs exist merely on paper or meet infrequently, with their 'plans' often being a compilation of state-sponsored schemes rather than genuinely integrated district-level plans derived from local needs. 2. Dominance of State-level Planning: State planning boards and departments continue to hold significant sway over district development. Funds are often allocated directly to line departments or local bodies, bypassing the DPC's planning process, rendering its role largely ceremonial. Example: District budgets and development priorities are frequently decided at the state capital, with DPCs having little real influence on resource allocation or project selection. 3. Composition and Representation Issues: While the Constitution stipulates that at least four-fifths of the members should be elected from among the members of Panchayats and Municipalities, the remaining members (including the Chairperson) are often state officials or nominated individuals, which can dilute the local character and autonomy of the

Question 15

(a) "ग्राम सभा की संस्था का प्रत्यक्ष लोकतंत्र की गाँधीवादी भावना के साथ बहुत कम सम्बन्ध है।" समालोचनात्मक परीक्षण कीजिए। / "The institution of Gram Sabha has very little connection with the Gandhian spirit of direct democracy." Critically examine.

Accepted Answer

The statement suggests a disconnect between the Gram Sabha and the Gandhian ideal of direct democracy. To critically examine this, it's essential to understand both concepts. Gandhian Spirit of Direct Democracy: Mahatma Gandhi envisioned 'Gram Swaraj' – self-rule in villages, where each village would be a self-sufficient republic. This ideal emphasized direct participation of all adults in decision-making, consensus-building, moral and ethical governance, economic self-reliance, and a decentralized power structure. It was about empowering individuals at the grassroots to manage their own affairs, fostering a sense of community and collective responsibility. The Institution of Gram Sabha: The Gram Sabha, established by the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, is the general body of all registered voters residing in the area of a Gram Panchayat. It is designed to be the foundation of the Panchayati Raj system, providing a platform for direct participation, discussion, and decision-making at the village level. Its functions include approving the annual budget, reviewing audit reports, identifying beneficiaries for welfare schemes, and promoting unity and harmony. Connection and Disconnection: Points of Connection: Theoretically, the Gram Sabha is the closest institutional embodiment of Gandhi's vision of direct democracy. It provides a forum for direct participation, local self-governance, and accountability of elected representatives to the villagers. It aims to decentralize power and empower local communities to make decisions affecting their lives. Points of Disconnection (Reality vs. Ideal): Low Participation and Quorum Issues: In practice, Gram Sabhas often suffer from poor attendance, especially by women and marginalized sections, leading to a lack of genuine representation and decision-making. Quorum requirements are frequently not met. Lack of Real Power: Many Gram Sabhas function as mere advisory bodies, with their decisions often not binding on the Gram Panchay

Question 16

(b) “भारत में प्रभावी अभिशासन को सुनिश्चित करने के लिए अधिकारीतंत्र में तकनीकी विशेषज्ञों को अधिक सम्मिलित किए जाने की आवश्यकता है।" क्या आप सहमत हैं? विस्तार से समझाइए। / "There is a need for greater inclusion of technocrats in bureaucracy to ensure effective governance in India." Do you agree? Elu

Accepted Answer

I largely agree with the statement that there is a need for greater inclusion of technocrats in bureaucracy to ensure effective governance in India, though with important caveats regarding the balance between generalists and specialists. Arguments for Inclusion of Technocrats: Complexity of Modern Governance: Contemporary governance challenges are increasingly complex and technical, spanning areas like digital transformation, climate change, advanced infrastructure, public health, and economic policy. These demand specialized knowledge that generalist administrators may not possess. Evidence-Based Decision Making: Technocrats bring domain-specific expertise, enabling more informed, evidence-based policy formulation and implementation. Their analytical skills can lead to more efficient and effective solutions. Efficiency and Innovation: Specialists can introduce innovative approaches, best practices, and project management methodologies from their respective fields, leading to greater efficiency in public service delivery and project execution. Global Best Practices: Many developed nations successfully integrate technocrats at various levels of government, leveraging their expertise for national development and problem-solving. Addressing Specific Sectoral Needs: For ministries dealing with science and technology, health, finance, or infrastructure, having experts at policy-making and implementation levels can significantly improve outcomes. Arguments for a Balanced Approach (Challenges with Over-reliance on Technocrats): Generalist Perspective is Crucial: Generalist administrators (like IAS officers) are trained to have a holistic view, understand inter-sectoral linkages, manage diverse stakeholders, and navigate socio-political complexities. This broad perspective is vital for policy coordination and ensuring that technical solutions align with broader societal goals and political feasibility. Administrative Experience and Legal Frameworks: Technocrats may lack exp

Question 17

(c) “लोक सेवकों को अपनी शिकायतों की मीडिया में चर्चा करने से बचना चाहिए।" इस संदर्भ में, भारत में लोक सेवकों को उपलब्ध शिकायत निवारण तंत्र की विवेचना कीजिए। / "Civil Servants should avoid airing grievances in the media." In this context, discuss the grievance redressal mechanism available to the Civ

Accepted Answer

The statement that civil servants should avoid airing grievances in the media is generally upheld in India's administrative framework. This principle stems from the need to maintain discipline, decorum, confidentiality, and public trust in the impartiality and professionalism of the civil service. Publicly airing grievances can undermine the authority of the government, compromise sensitive information, and create an environment of distrust within the service. Civil service conduct rules explicitly prohibit such actions, emphasizing the use of established internal channels. In this context, India has several structured grievance redressal mechanisms available to civil servants: 1. Departmental Channels: Reporting to Immediate Superiors: The primary and most common method is to report grievances to the immediate superior officer. If unresolved, the matter can be escalated through the hierarchical chain of command within the respective ministry or department. Departmental Grievance Cells: Many ministries and departments have dedicated grievance cells or officers specifically tasked with addressing the complaints of their employees. These cells aim to resolve issues internally and expeditiously. 2. Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT) / State Administrative Tribunals (SATs): Established under the Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985, CAT (for central government employees) and SATs (for state government employees) are statutory bodies. They adjudicate disputes and complaints concerning recruitment and conditions of service of persons appointed to public services and posts. They provide a specialized, speedy, and relatively inexpensive judicial forum for civil servants, bypassing the regular court system for service matters. 3. Service Associations: Recognized service associations or unions for various cadres of civil servants can represent collective grievances of their members to the government. These associations play a crucial role in advocating for the welfare and ri

Question 18

(d) क्या आपके विचार में विभिन्न राज्य सरकारों द्वारा पारित लोक सेवा गारन्टी अधिनियम, नागरिक चार्टरों का एक विस्तार है? कारण बताइए। / Do you think that the Public Service Guarantee Acts passed by various State Governments are an extension of the Citizen Charters? Give reasons.

Accepted Answer

Yes, in my view, the Public Service Guarantee Acts (PSGAs) passed by various State Governments are indeed a significant extension and evolution of the Citizen Charters. While both aim to improve public service delivery, PSGAs provide a much stronger legal and accountability framework. To understand this, let's first define both: Citizen Charters: Citizen Charters are documents that declare the standards of service delivery, information about services, grievance redressal mechanisms, and expectations from citizens. They are essentially a set of commitments made by a public service organization to its users regarding the quality, timeliness, and transparency of the services it provides. The core idea is to make public services citizen-centric. However, in India, Citizen Charters have largely been advisory and non-justiciable, meaning citizens could not legally enforce the commitments made in them. Public Service Guarantee Acts (PSGAs): PSGAs are state-level legislations that legally guarantee the delivery of specific public services to citizens within a stipulated time frame. These acts empower citizens with a legal right to receive services and impose penalties on officials who fail to deliver them within the prescribed period. They also establish an appellate mechanism for citizens to seek redressal if services are denied or delayed. Reasons why PSGAs are an extension of Citizen Charters: 1. Shared Objective: Both Citizen Charters and PSGAs share the fundamental objective of enhancing transparency, accountability, and responsiveness in public service delivery. They both aim to make government services more citizen-friendly and efficient. 2. Evolution and Strengthening: PSGAs can be seen as a logical and more robust evolution of the Citizen Charter concept. While charters laid the groundwork by defining service standards and expectations, they often lacked the legal teeth for effective enforcement. PSGAs address this critical gap by converting these aspirational comm

Question 19

(e) “लेखा महानियंत्रक (सी० जी० ए०) के पद से भारत में लोक वित्त प्रबन्धन को सशक्त बनाने की अपेक्षा की जाती है।" इसके अधिदेश की विवेचना कीजिए। / "The Office of the Controller General of Accounts (CGA) is expected to strengthen public financial management in India." Discuss its mandate.

Accepted Answer

The Office of the Controller General of Accounts (CGA) plays a pivotal role in strengthening public financial management (PFM) in India. As the principal accounting advisor to the Union Government, the CGA is responsible for establishing and maintaining a sound financial accounting system, which is fundamental to fiscal discipline, transparency, and accountability. Its mandate encompasses a wide array of functions that directly contribute to robust PFM. Mandate and Functions of the CGA: 1. Prescription of Accounting Standards: The CGA is responsible for prescribing the form of accounts for the Union and State Governments, in consultation with the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG). This ensures uniformity and consistency in financial reporting across government entities. 2. Maintenance of Accounts: The CGA is responsible for maintaining the accounts of the Union Government. This involves compiling and consolidating the accounts of various ministries and departments, ensuring accuracy and completeness of financial data. 3. Financial Reporting: A key function is the preparation of monthly and annual accounts of the Union Government. This includes the Union Government Finance Accounts and Appropriation Accounts. These reports provide a comprehensive overview of the government's financial position, expenditure, and revenue, which are crucial for parliamentary oversight, public scrutiny, and economic analysis. 4. Cash Management: The CGA is responsible for the technical administration of the system of payments and accounting, including the management of government cash balances. This ensures efficient utilization of funds, prevents idle cash, and helps in managing the government's liquidity effectively. 5. Internal Audit and Accounting Procedures: The CGA lays down the accounting procedures and internal audit systems for the Central Government. This helps in establishing robust internal controls, preventing financial irregularities, ensuring compliance with r

Question 20

The Prime Minister's Awards for Excellence in Public Administration encourage good governance initiatives." Discuss some such initiatives by the Civil Servants in this context.

Accepted Answer

The Prime Minister's Awards for Excellence in Public Administration serve as a powerful catalyst for promoting good governance and recognizing the exemplary work of civil servants across India. Instituted to acknowledge extraordinary and innovative efforts in implementing priority programs, improving public service delivery, and fostering a culture of excellence, these awards motivate civil servants to go beyond their routine duties and bring about tangible positive change. Civil servants, as the backbone of the administrative machinery, play a pivotal role in translating policy into action. In the context of these awards and the broader goal of good governance, they have spearheaded numerous initiatives: 1. Financial Inclusion (e.g., Jan Dhan Yojana): District magistrates and block-level officers worked tirelessly to ensure bank accounts were opened for millions of unbanked citizens, facilitating direct benefit transfers and bringing them into the formal financial system. This required extensive outreach, coordination with banks, and overcoming logistical challenges in remote areas. 2. Sanitation and Public Health (e.g., Swachh Bharat Abhiyan): Civil servants at the grassroots level were instrumental in driving the construction and usage of toilets, promoting behavioral change, and achieving Open Defecation Free (ODF) status in villages and cities. This involved community mobilization, awareness campaigns, and effective monitoring. 3. Healthcare Access (e.g., Ayushman Bharat): District health officials and administrators have been crucial in implementing the world's largest health insurance scheme, ensuring the identification of beneficiaries, empanelment of hospitals, and smooth delivery of healthcare services, especially to vulnerable populations. 4. Digital Governance and Service Delivery (e.g., Digital India initiatives): Civil servants have embraced technology to improve efficiency and transparency. This includes digitizing land records, implementing e-governa

Question 21

Implementation of Goods and Services Tax (GST) has led to a paradigm shift in the Centre-State relations, both financially and politically." Analyse with examples.

Accepted Answer

The Goods and Services Tax (GST), implemented in India in 2017, marked a monumental reform in the country's indirect tax structure. Designed to create a unified national market by subsuming multiple central and state taxes, GST has indeed brought about a paradigm shift in Centre-State relations, impacting both their financial autonomy and political dynamics. Financial Paradigm Shift: 1. Revenue Pooling and Shared Sovereignty: Before GST, states had significant autonomy over their own indirect tax bases (e.g., VAT, entertainment tax). GST replaced these with a common tax pool, meaning states lost their independent power to levy and collect many indirect taxes. This shifted a substantial portion of fiscal sovereignty from states to the Centre-led GST Council. Example: States can no longer unilaterally decide tax rates on most goods and services, which were previously a key source of their revenue and fiscal policy tools. 2. GST Council – A New Federal Institution: The GST Council, comprising the Union Finance Minister (Chairperson) and state finance ministers, is a unique federal body. It makes crucial decisions on tax rates, exemptions, rules, and administrative procedures. This institutionalized cooperative federalism, where decisions are made by consensus or a super-majority, fundamentally altering the financial bargaining power. Example: Debates over the inclusion of petroleum products and alcohol within GST highlight the ongoing tension and negotiation within the Council, as these remain significant revenue sources for states outside the GST ambit. 3. Compensation Mechanism: Recognizing that some manufacturing states might initially face revenue losses due to the shift from an origin-based tax (like excise) to a consumption-based tax (GST), the Centre promised compensation for five years. This created a temporary financial dependence of states on the Centre. Example: The COVID-19 pandemic led to a significant shortfall in GST collections, triggering intense debat

Question 22

The Right to Information (RTI) has started its journey but is far from its destination." Comment.

Accepted Answer

The Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005, is widely regarded as a landmark legislation in India, empowering citizens to access government information and promoting transparency and accountability in public administration. While it has undoubtedly initiated a significant journey towards open governance, it is indeed 'far from its destination,' facing numerous challenges that impede its full potential. The Journey So Far (Achievements): 1. Citizen Empowerment: RTI has democratized information, enabling ordinary citizens to question government decisions, expose corruption, and hold public authorities accountable. It has become a powerful tool for the common person. 2. Increased Transparency: The Act has forced government departments to proactively disclose information and respond to queries, bringing a degree of openness to previously opaque processes. 3. Exposure of Corruption and Malpractices: RTI applications have unearthed numerous scams, irregularities, and instances of misuse of power, leading to investigations and corrective actions. 4. Improved Service Delivery: Citizens have used RTI to expedite services like passport issuance, pension disbursements, and land record updates, pushing public officials to be more responsive. 5. Role in Social Audits: RTI has facilitated social audits of government schemes, allowing communities to monitor the utilization of funds and the quality of work. 6. Judicial and Administrative Reforms: Information commissions and courts have delivered significant judgments, strengthening the interpretation and implementation of the Act. Far From Its Destination (Challenges and Limitations): 1. Implementation Gaps and Resistance: Many public authorities still resist proactive disclosure (as mandated by Section 4 of the Act). Information is often denied, delayed, or provided in an incomplete or misleading manner, reflecting a lack of will or capacity. 2. Attacks on RTI Activists: A grave concern is the increasing number of attacks, harassmen

Question 23

Disaster preparedness and management has become an important component of district administration in India." Discuss with suitable illustrations.

Accepted Answer

India, with its diverse geographical landscape, is highly vulnerable to a wide array of natural and man-made disasters, including floods, cyclones, earthquakes, droughts, landslides, and industrial accidents. In this context, disaster preparedness and management have emerged as an indispensable and critical component of district administration. The district administration, headed by the District Collector or District Magistrate, serves as the frontline agency and the nerve center for all disaster-related activities, given its proximity to the ground and direct interface with the affected population. Why District Administration is Crucial: 1. First Responder: The district administration is invariably the first to respond to any disaster, mobilizing local resources and personnel before external aid arrives. 2. Coordination Hub: It acts as the primary coordinating agency, integrating the efforts of various line departments (police, health, revenue, public works, fire services), NGOs, community organizations, and central/state forces (NDRF/SDRF). 3. Local Knowledge: District officials possess invaluable local knowledge about vulnerabilities, resources, community structures, and specific needs of the population, which is crucial for effective planning and response. 4. Implementation Arm: National and state disaster management policies and plans are ultimately implemented at the district level. Components of Disaster Management at the District Level: 1. Preparedness: This phase focuses on minimizing the impact of a disaster before it strikes. District Disaster Management Plan (DDMP): Mandated by the Disaster Management Act, 2005, each district prepares a comprehensive plan outlining potential hazards, resource inventory, roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders, and standard operating procedures. Early Warning Systems: Establishing and maintaining local early warning systems for floods, cyclones, and other hazards, and ensuring their dissemination to vulnerable

Question 24

In view of the contemporary internal scenario should 'law and order' be made a part of the Concurrent List of the Constitution of India? Justify your opinion.

Accepted Answer

Currently, 'Law and Order' is a State Subject, falling under List II (State List) of the Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution. This means that state governments have the primary responsibility and legislative competence over policing, public order, and prisons. However, in light of the contemporary internal scenario, which includes rising inter-state crime, terrorism, cybercrime, and organized crime, there's an ongoing debate about whether 'Law and Order' should be moved to the Concurrent List (List III), where both the Centre and states can legislate. My opinion is that while enhanced cooperation is essential, a complete shift of 'Law and Order' to the Concurrent List might be counterproductive and undermine the federal structure; instead, specific aspects requiring national coordination should be addressed through existing or strengthened cooperative mechanisms. Arguments for moving 'Law and Order' to the Concurrent List (Proponents' View): 1. Transnational and Inter-State Nature of Crime: Modern crimes like terrorism, cybercrime, drug trafficking, and organized crime often transcend state boundaries. A unified approach with central oversight could facilitate better investigation, intelligence sharing, and prosecution. 2. National Security Concerns: The Centre has a primary responsibility for national security, which is intrinsically linked to law and order. Concurrent powers could allow the Centre to enact uniform laws and standards to tackle threats that impact the entire nation. 3. Resource and Capacity Disparities: Some states may lack the financial resources, technological capabilities, or trained personnel to effectively tackle complex law and order challenges. Central intervention could provide necessary support and standardization. 4. Uniformity in Legislation: Concurrent listing could lead to more uniform laws and procedures across states, reducing legal ambiguities and improving the efficiency of the criminal justice system. Arguments against movi

Question 25

The image of Indian Police can be improved if its structure and orientations are transformed radically." Do you agree? Elaborate.

Accepted Answer

I strongly agree that the image of the Indian Police can be significantly improved only if its structure and orientations are transformed radically. The current public perception of the police often ranges from distrust and fear to accusations of corruption, inefficiency, political interference, and brutality. This negative image is deeply rooted in systemic issues that require fundamental, not superficial, changes. Problems with the Current Structure and Orientations: 1. Colonial Legacy: The Indian Police Act of 1861, still largely in force, was designed by the British to maintain colonial control, not to serve citizens. This has ingrained a 'force' mentality rather than a 'service' orientation. 2. Political Interference: Frequent and arbitrary transfers, postings, and direct interference from political executives undermine the operational autonomy, professionalism, and morale of police personnel. This makes them accountable to political masters rather than the law or the public. 3. Lack of Accountability and Oversight: Internal accountability mechanisms are often weak, and external oversight bodies (like Police Complaints Authorities) are either non-existent or lack teeth. This creates an environment where misconduct can go unpunished. 4. Inadequate Resources and Infrastructure: Many police forces suffer from severe shortages of manpower, modern equipment, forensic capabilities, and basic infrastructure (e.g., dilapidated police stations, lack of vehicles). This hampers their effectiveness. 5. Poor Working Conditions: Long working hours, insufficient rest, low pay, and lack of welfare measures lead to stress, low morale, and reduced efficiency among police personnel. 6. Corruption: Perceived and actual corruption at various levels, from petty bribes to involvement in organized crime, severely erodes public trust. 7. Human Rights Violations: Instances of custodial violence, extra-judicial killings, and insensitivity towards vulnerable sections of society tarnish th

Question 26

Discuss, with suitable examples, the emerging challenges faced by the Regulatory Commissions as the arbitrating agents between the State and the market forces.

Accepted Answer

Regulatory Commissions in India serve a crucial role as arbitrating agents, balancing the often-conflicting interests of the State (representing public welfare, social equity, and policy objectives) and market forces (driven by efficiency, competition, and profit motives). Their primary function is to ensure fair competition, protect consumer interests, and promote sector-specific development while preventing market failures and abuses. However, in this complex role, they face several emerging challenges: 1. Balancing Conflicting Interests: This is perhaps the most fundamental challenge. Regulatory commissions must set tariffs, quality standards, and market entry rules that are fair to both consumers and producers. For instance, in the electricity sector, State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) must balance the need for affordable power for consumers with the financial viability of power generation and distribution companies. Setting tariffs too low can deter investment, while setting them too high can burden consumers and hinder economic growth. 2. Regulatory Capture: A significant threat is the potential for regulatory capture, where the regulated entities exert undue influence over the commission, leading to decisions that favor industry interests over public good. This can manifest through revolving doors (regulators moving to industry positions), lobbying, or information asymmetry. For example, concerns have been raised about the influence of large telecom operators on TRAI's policies or financial institutions on SEBI's regulations, potentially leading to less stringent oversight. 3. Lack of Expertise and Resources: Rapid technological advancements and the increasing complexity of markets (e.g., digital economy, AI, fintech) demand highly specialized technical, legal, and economic expertise. Many commissions struggle with attracting and retaining such talent, and often lack adequate funding and infrastructure for in-depth analysis and enforcement. This

Question 27

“The 'policy of non-action' regarding the institutional mechanisms and legal provisions to eradicate corruption is a feature of Indian administration." Critically examine.

Accepted Answer

The statement suggests that despite the existence of institutional mechanisms and legal provisions to combat corruption, there is a pervasive 'policy of non-action' within Indian administration, hindering effective eradication. A critical examination reveals a complex reality where mechanisms exist, but their implementation and enforcement often fall short, leading to a perception of inaction. Arguments Supporting the 'Policy of Non-Action' (or its effects): 1. Delayed Implementation of Key Reforms: A prime example is the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, which, despite being passed in 2013, faced significant delays in its operationalization and appointment of members. Similarly, the Whistleblowers Protection Act, 2014, has seen limited effective implementation, leaving whistleblowers vulnerable. 2. Weak Enforcement and Low Conviction Rates: While laws like the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 (amended in 2018), are robust on paper, their enforcement is often weak. Investigations can be slow, and prosecution rates, especially for high-profile cases, remain low. This creates a sense of impunity among corrupt officials. 3. Lack of Autonomy and Political Will: Anti-corruption bodies like the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) and the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) often face allegations of political interference, compromising their independence. The requirement of prior sanction for prosecuting public servants, particularly at higher levels, can be misused to shield officials. 4. Bureaucratic Inertia and Resistance to Change: The administrative machinery itself can be resistant to reforms that enhance transparency and accountability. Vested interests within the bureaucracy can actively or passively obstruct anti-corruption initiatives. 5. Inadequate Resources and Manpower: Many anti-corruption agencies are understaffed, underfunded, and lack the necessary technical expertise and infrastructure to conduct thorough investigations, especially in complex cases involving

Question 28

“The Second Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) makes a strong case for the principle of subsidiarity." Elaborate.

Accepted Answer

The Second Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC), constituted in 2005, was tasked with preparing a detailed blueprint for revamping the public administration system in India. Across its various reports, the ARC consistently made a strong case for the principle of subsidiarity, advocating for governance to be brought closer to the people. The principle of subsidiarity dictates that decisions should be taken at the lowest possible level of authority closest to the people affected, unless a higher level can achieve the objective more effectively. Here's how the ARC elaborated on and championed this principle: 1. Strengthening Local Governance: A cornerstone of ARC's recommendations was the empowerment and strengthening of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and Urban Local Bodies (ULBs). The Commission recognized that local governments, being closest to the citizens, are best positioned to understand and address local needs and aspirations. It advocated for genuine devolution of '3 Fs' – Funds, Functions, and Functionaries – to these bodies, moving beyond mere decentralization of implementation to actual decentralization of decision-making power. 2. Enhancing Citizen Participation: By advocating for stronger local governance, the ARC aimed to increase citizen participation in the planning, implementation, and monitoring of development programs. This direct involvement aligns with subsidiarity, as it ensures that decisions reflect local priorities and that citizens have a direct stake in their governance. Reports like 'Local Governance – An End-to-End Perspective' specifically highlighted the need for greater citizen engagement at the grassroots level. 3. Improving Service Delivery: The ARC argued that services are delivered most effectively when managed by the authority closest to the beneficiaries. Local bodies, with their proximity and understanding of local conditions, can tailor services to specific community needs, leading to more efficient and responsive service

Public Administration Optional 2017 Paper II

28 Questions Available

Public Administration Optional 2017 Paper II

28 Questions Available

Question 1: “Constitutionalism is the foundation of the administrative edifice in India.” Discuss.

Question 2: “The status and functioning of the Cabinet Secretariat face a stiff challenge from the Prime Minister’s Office (PMO).” Argue both in favour and agains

Question 3: “Effectiveness of local self-government institutions is hampered due to the lack of capacity building of the elected representatives.” Elaborate.

Question 4: “Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) in India face tough competition from the private enterprises and Multi-National Corporations (MNCs).” Explain.

Question 5: Do you think that ‘All India Judicial Service (AIJS)’ would contribute to timely delivery of justice to the citizens? Argue your case.

Question 6: “The market reforms have not infringed the basic structure of the Constitution of India, but have largely compromised the realisation of the ideals of

Question 7: “The idea of lateral entry into the Civil Services would energise Indian administration.” What are its possible advantages and limitations?

Question 8: Pro-Active Governance And Timely Implementation (PRAGATI) is an innovative project of the Union Government." Discuss its features and modalities.

Question 9: The position of the Council of Ministers in a State is reduced to that of a body of secretaries in the presence of a domineering Chief Minister." Crit

Question 10: Indianisation of Public Services is a slow but steady process." Explain.

Question 11: Digitalisation of land records is a necessary but not sufficient precondition for ensuring transparent district administration." Explain.

Question 12: Bureaucracy has to make a balance between the need for environmental sustainability and developmental imperatives." Discuss.

Question 13: The Chief Secretary is often termed as the alter ego of the Chief Minister." Discuss, with examples, the dynamics of their relationships in State admi

Question 14: District Planning Committee (DPC) has been the weakest structure in the local self-government mechanism in India." Analyse with examples.

Question 20: The Prime Minister's Awards for Excellence in Public Administration encourage good governance initiatives." Discuss some such initiatives by the Civil

Question 21: Implementation of Goods and Services Tax (GST) has led to a paradigm shift in the Centre-State relations, both financially and politically." Analyse w

Question 22: The Right to Information (RTI) has started its journey but is far from its destination." Comment.

Question 23: Disaster preparedness and management has become an important component of district administration in India." Discuss with suitable illustrations.

Question 24: In view of the contemporary internal scenario should 'law and order' be made a part of the Concurrent List of the Constitution of India? Justify your

Question 25: The image of Indian Police can be improved if its structure and orientations are transformed radically." Do you agree? Elaborate.

Question 26: Discuss, with suitable examples, the emerging challenges faced by the Regulatory Commissions as the arbitrating agents between the State and the marke

Question 27: “The 'policy of non-action' regarding the institutional mechanisms and legal provisions to eradicate corruption is a feature of Indian administration.

Question 28: “The Second Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) makes a strong case for the principle of subsidiarity." Elaborate.