Question 1

The economic reforms have significantly infringed the basic values and spirit of the Indian Constitution. Examine.

Accepted Answer

The economic reforms initiated in India since 1991, often termed Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization (LPG), marked a significant shift from a state-controlled, mixed economy towards a more market-oriented system. The question of whether these reforms have infringed upon the basic values and spirit of the Indian Constitution is a complex and contentious one, with valid arguments on both sides. Arguments for Infringement: 1. Socialist Ethos: The Preamble of the Indian Constitution declares India a 'Socialist' republic, and the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) emphasize social and economic justice, reduction of inequalities, and the establishment of a welfare state. Critics argue that the reforms, by promoting privatization and market forces, have diluted the state's role in welfare provision, leading to increased income disparities and wealth concentration, thus moving away from the socialist ideal. 2. Equality and Justice: The focus on economic growth, often at the expense of equitable distribution, has been linked to widening gaps between the rich and the poor. Privatization of essential services like healthcare and education can make them inaccessible to marginalized sections, thereby undermining the constitutional goals of equality of opportunity and social justice. 3. Welfare State Principles: The dismantling of public sector enterprises and reduced government spending on social sectors, in some instances, has been seen as a retreat from the state's responsibility to provide a safety net and ensure basic necessities for all citizens. 4. Environmental Concerns: Rapid industrialization and economic growth, sometimes without adequate environmental safeguards, have led to ecological degradation, potentially infringing upon the implicit right to a healthy environment, which is often read into Article 21 (Right to Life). Arguments Against Infringement/Counter-arguments: 1. Poverty Reduction and Growth: Proponents argue that the reforms have led

Question 2

Macaulay's ideas on Indian Civil Service corresponded to the elite theory of bureaucracy, which continue to persist. Do you agree? Justify.

Accepted Answer

Macaulay's ideas, particularly articulated in his 1835 Minute on Indian Education, laid the foundation for the Indian Civil Service (ICS) with a clear objective: to create a class of administrators who were 'Indian in blood and colour, but English in taste, in opinions, in morals and in intellect.' This vision inherently aligned with and fostered an 'elite theory of bureaucracy,' and many of its characteristics, though modified, arguably persist in the modern Indian administrative system. Macaulay's Ideas and the Elite Theory: 1. Selection of an Elite: Macaulay's emphasis on Western education, English language proficiency, and competitive examinations (initially held in England) was designed to select a small, highly educated, and culturally distinct group. This process inherently created an intellectual and social elite, separated from the vast majority of the Indian populace. 2. Prestige and Power: The ICS officers enjoyed immense prestige, high salaries, significant power, and a privileged status, making them an exclusive class. They were the 'steel frame' of British administration, wielding authority over all aspects of governance. 3. Aloofness and Superiority: The training and cultural orientation of the ICS fostered a sense of superiority and detachment from the common Indian. They were seen as rulers rather than servants of the people, a characteristic often associated with an elite bureaucracy. 4. Generalist Approach: The ICS was designed to produce generalist administrators capable of managing diverse departments, reinforcing the idea that a select few, with broad intellectual training, could govern effectively. Persistence in Modern Indian Bureaucracy (IAS/All India Services): I largely agree that elements corresponding to the elite theory of bureaucracy, stemming from Macaulay's legacy, continue to persist in India's administrative system: 1. Elite Status and Prestige: The Indian Administrative Service (IAS) and other All India Services continue to be hig

Question 3

There has been an opinion that the ethos of Indian Judicial System continue to be colonial. Suggest measures for raising the level of judicial excellence for achieving speedy justice.

Accepted Answer

The Indian judicial system, while a cornerstone of its democracy, often faces criticism for its colonial ethos, particularly regarding its procedural complexities, language barriers, and the resultant delays in justice delivery. The adversarial system, inherited from the British, with its emphasis on elaborate procedures and precedents, is frequently cited as a primary reason for this perception. To raise the level of judicial excellence and achieve speedy justice, a multi-pronged approach is essential. Arguments for Colonial Ethos: 1. Adversarial System: The system, focused on two opposing parties presenting their cases, can be slow, expensive, and often prioritizes procedural correctness over substantive justice, especially for the common person. 2. Language Barrier: English remains the dominant language in higher courts, alienating a large section of the population who do not understand legal proceedings conducted in a foreign language. 3. Procedural Delays: Archaic laws, complex rules of evidence, and multiple layers of appeals contribute to an enormous backlog of cases, a legacy of a system not designed for a mass democracy. 4. Formalism over Substance: An over-reliance on technicalities and precedents can sometimes overshadow the pursuit of equity and accessible justice. 5. Lack of Accessibility: Physical and financial barriers often prevent the poor and marginalized from accessing justice effectively. Measures for Raising Judicial Excellence and Achieving Speedy Justice: 1. Procedural Reforms: Simplification of Laws: Review and simplify complex procedural laws (e.g., Civil Procedure Code, Criminal Procedure Code) to reduce technicalities and expedite trials. Robust Case Management: Implement strict timelines for different stages of litigation, from filing to final judgment, with active judicial oversight. Pre-trial Conferences: Encourage pre-trial conferences to narrow down issues, identify undisputed facts, and explore settlement possibilities. 2. Technology

Question 4

Various commissions have reiterated the crucial role of the Governor in Indian system of governance, but the successive governments have not heeded to make the Governor's office apolitical. Examine with examples.

Accepted Answer

The office of the Governor in the Indian system of governance is a critical constitutional position, acting as the head of the state executive and a vital link between the Union and the State. Its role is envisioned to be that of a neutral constitutional head, upholding the Constitution and ensuring the smooth functioning of parliamentary democracy in the states. Various commissions, recognizing this crucial role, have consistently recommended measures to ensure the Governor's office remains apolitical. However, successive central governments have often failed to heed these recommendations, leading to frequent politicization of the office, which has strained Centre-state relations and undermined federalism. Crucial Role of the Governor (as per Constitution and Commissions): 1. Constitutional Head: The Governor is the constitutional head of the state, acting on the 'aid and advice' of the Council of Ministers, except in certain specified discretionary matters. 2. Link between Centre and State: The Governor acts as a channel of communication and a representative of the Union government in the state, reporting on the state's affairs to the President. 3. Discretionary Powers: These include appointing the Chief Minister when no clear majority exists, dismissing a ministry that has lost confidence, reserving bills for the President's consideration, and recommending President's Rule (Article 356). Recommendations by Commissions for an Apolitical Role: Sarkaria Commission (1988): Recommended that the Governor should be an eminent person from outside the state, not active in politics, and appointed after effective consultation with the Chief Minister of the state concerned. It emphasized that discretionary powers should be used sparingly and judiciously. National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution (NCRWC, 2000): Reiterated the need for an apolitical Governor, appointed in consultation with the Chief Minister, and acting as a neutral constitutional head. It

Question 5

In the text of Arthashastra, 'the State is neither a police State nor merely a tax gathering State'. Comment.

Accepted Answer

Kautilya's Arthashastra, an ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, offers a profound and comprehensive vision of the State that transcends the narrow definitions of a 'police state' or a 'tax-gathering state'. This statement encapsulates Kautilya's philosophy, emphasizing the multi-faceted responsibilities and welfare-oriented nature of governance. Firstly, the State, according to Kautilya, is far more than a 'police state' solely focused on maintaining law and order. While internal security and protection from external threats were paramount, Kautilya envisioned a proactive role for the State in ensuring the overall well-being and prosperity of its subjects. This included the concept of 'yoga-kshema' – the welfare and security of the people. The State was responsible for protecting the weak, ensuring justice, promoting social harmony, and providing for those in need (orphans, the aged, the infirm). It was expected to intervene in various aspects of life to prevent exploitation, uphold dharma (righteous conduct), and ensure a just society. This goes beyond mere reactive law enforcement to a comprehensive system of public welfare and social engineering. Secondly, the State was not 'merely a tax-gathering state'. While revenue collection was undoubtedly crucial for funding state activities, Kautilya viewed it as a means to an end, not an end in itself. He advocated for a just and equitable taxation system, emphasizing that taxes should not be burdensome and should be collected in a manner that does not impoverish the populace. The collected revenue was to be utilized for public good, including infrastructure development (roads, irrigation), maintaining the army, supporting scholars and artists, and providing social security. Kautilya also encouraged state involvement in economic activities like mining, trade, and agriculture to generate wealth and ensure economic stability, further demonstrating that revenue generation was integrated into a broader economic and social

Question 6

Article 356 acts "very much like the proverbial bolt from the blue ... without giving an opportunity or notice to the State Government to correct its alleged shortcomings". This phenomenon not only undermines the autonomy of the State Government, but also demeans the status of the President of India

Accepted Answer

Article 356 of the Indian Constitution, which empowers the President to impose 'President's Rule' in a state if its constitutional machinery breaks down, has been a subject of intense debate and controversy since its inception. The statement accurately captures the arbitrary and often sudden nature of its application, likening it to a 'bolt from the blue' that can disrupt state governance without adequate prior notice or opportunity for correction. Undermining State Autonomy: One of the most significant criticisms of Article 356 is its potential to undermine the federal structure and the autonomy of state governments. India is a quasi-federal state, where states are not mere administrative units but have their own constitutional spheres of power. The frequent and sometimes politically motivated imposition of President's Rule has been seen as a tool for the central government to dismiss state governments led by opposition parties, thereby subverting the democratic mandate of the state electorate. This practice erodes the spirit of cooperative federalism and creates an imbalance of power heavily tilted towards the Centre. It allows the Union government to interfere in state affairs, control state policies, and even dissolve elected assemblies, effectively suspending democratic governance at the state level. The Sarkaria Commission (1983) and the Punchhi Commission (2007) on Centre-State relations have both highlighted the misuse of this provision and recommended stricter guidelines for its application. Demeaning the Status of the President: The President of India, as the constitutional head, is expected to act as a neutral and impartial guardian of the Constitution. However, in practice, the President acts on the aid and advice of the Union Council of Ministers. When Article 356 is invoked, the President's decision is essentially that of the central government. This can place the President in a difficult position, especially when the invocation is perceived as politic

Question 7

Public Sector Undertakings were expected to take the Indian economy to the 'commanding heights', instead the successive governments have been pushing for disinvestment. Critically examine how the scenario has changed over the years.

Accepted Answer

Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) were established in India with a grand vision, particularly during the Nehruvian era, to occupy the 'commanding heights' of the economy. This philosophy stemmed from the belief that state control over key industries like heavy manufacturing, infrastructure, and strategic sectors was essential for rapid industrialization, equitable distribution of wealth, and achieving self-reliance. PSUs were seen as instruments of national development, employment generation, and regional balance, filling gaps where private capital was either scarce or unwilling to venture. The 'Commanding Heights' Era (1950s-1980s): In the initial decades post-independence, PSUs played a crucial role in building India's industrial base. They were instrumental in establishing core industries such as steel, coal, power, oil, and heavy engineering. The government's rationale was to prevent concentration of economic power in private hands, promote social welfare, and ensure planned economic development. PSUs were often characterized by large investments, significant employment, and a focus on social objectives alongside economic ones. However, over time, many PSUs began to face challenges such as bureaucratic inefficiencies, political interference, lack of accountability, technological obsolescence, and mounting losses, becoming a drain on public exchequer. Shift Towards Disinvestment (1990s onwards): The economic reforms initiated in 1991 marked a significant paradigm shift. Faced with a severe balance of payments crisis and the realization that PSUs were often inefficient and unprofitable, the government began to move away from the 'commanding heights' philosophy towards liberalization, privatization, and globalization (LPG). Disinvestment, which involves the sale of government equity in PSUs, emerged as a key policy tool. The objectives of disinvestment evolved over the years: 1. Initial Phase (Early 1990s): Primarily aimed at raising resources to bridge the fiscal

Question 8

Emerging developmental aspirations of the society necessitate the constitutional amendment to change the present safeguards available to the civil servants. Evaluate the pros and cons of such amendment.

Accepted Answer

The Indian civil services, often referred to as the 'steel frame' of India, are protected by certain constitutional safeguards, primarily enshrined in Article 311 of the Constitution. These safeguards provide security of tenure and protection against arbitrary dismissal, removal, or reduction in rank, ensuring that civil servants can perform their duties without fear or favor. However, with emerging developmental aspirations and the demand for more efficient, accountable, and responsive governance, there's a growing debate about whether these safeguards need to be amended. Pros of Amending Constitutional Safeguards for Civil Servants: 1. Enhanced Accountability and Performance: Critics argue that existing safeguards sometimes make it difficult to take action against inefficient, corrupt, or non-performing civil servants. Amending these provisions could make it easier to hold them accountable, leading to improved performance and service delivery. 2. Flexibility in Personnel Management: A more flexible system could allow governments to streamline administrative processes, implement performance-based appraisals more effectively, and remove deadwood, thereby fostering a culture of meritocracy and efficiency. 3. Responsiveness to Societal Needs: Emerging developmental aspirations demand a civil service that is agile, innovative, and responsive to changing public needs. Reducing rigid safeguards might encourage civil servants to be more proactive and citizen-centric, rather than being overly cautious due to job security. 4. Curbing Corruption: While safeguards protect against arbitrary action, they can also inadvertently shield corrupt officials, making it challenging to prosecute and dismiss them. Amending these provisions could facilitate quicker action against corruption. 5. Modernization of Administration: Many developed nations have more flexible civil service systems. Amending India's constitutional safeguards could align its administrative framework with global bes

Question 9

"Strong PMO is anti-thesis to the feature of collective responsibility of Council of Ministers." Examine the issues in relation to the position of PMO vis-à-vis Council of Ministers in the light of this statement.

Accepted Answer

The statement highlights a fundamental tension in India's parliamentary democracy: the potential for a powerful Prime Minister's Office (PMO) to undermine the principle of collective responsibility of the Council of Ministers. In a parliamentary system, the Council of Ministers, headed by the Prime Minister, is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. This means that all ministers stand or fall together, and decisions are taken collectively, even if individual ministers may have differing views in private. A strong PMO, while often seen as a sign of decisive leadership, can disrupt this delicate balance. Understanding Collective Responsibility: Collective responsibility implies that: 1. Solidarity: All ministers are bound by cabinet decisions, even if they disagreed during deliberations. They must publicly support these decisions. 2. Accountability: The entire Council of Ministers is accountable to the Parliament for the actions and policies of the government. 3. Unity: The government functions as a single unit, presenting a united front to the public and Parliament. Issues Arising from a Strong PMO vis-à-vis Council of Ministers: 1. Centralization of Power: A strong PMO often leads to the centralization of decision-making power in the hands of the Prime Minister and a small coterie of advisors within the PMO. This can bypass the traditional cabinet decision-making process, where proposals are deliberated and approved by the full Council of Ministers or relevant cabinet committees. 2. Diminished Role of Cabinet Ministers: When the PMO becomes overly powerful, individual cabinet ministers may find their autonomy and authority curtailed. Key policy decisions, appointments, and even day-to-day administrative matters might be dictated or heavily influenced by the PMO, reducing ministers to mere implementers rather than active participants in policy formulation. This can lead to a feeling of disempowerment among ministers. 3. Erosion of Collective Deliberation: The ess

Question 10

Capacity issues relating to employees have hampered the implementation of several government programmes. Trace the reasons in the context of the provisions of the National Training Policy, 2012.

Accepted Answer

Capacity issues among government employees are a significant impediment to the effective implementation of various government programs and policies in India. These issues manifest as gaps in skills, knowledge, attitudes, and overall competence, leading to inefficiencies, delays, and suboptimal outcomes. The National Training Policy (NTP) of 2012 was formulated precisely to address these challenges by emphasizing continuous learning and capacity building for civil servants. Reasons for Capacity Issues (in context of NTP, 2012): The National Training Policy, 2012, recognized several underlying reasons for capacity deficits and aimed to provide a framework to overcome them. Tracing these reasons reveals a multi-faceted problem: 1. Lack of Systematic and Continuous Training (NTP's emphasis on 'Continuous Learning'): Reason: Historically, training in government departments was often ad-hoc, reactive, and not integrated into a long-term career development plan. Many employees received initial induction training but little to no systematic in-service training thereafter. This led to skills becoming outdated and a lack of exposure to new technologies, policies, and management techniques. NTP's Response: The NTP 2012 explicitly emphasized the need for 'continuous learning' throughout a civil servant's career, moving beyond one-off training events. It advocated for a structured approach to identify training needs and deliver relevant programs. 2. Inadequate Focus on Specialized Skills and Competencies (NTP's focus on 'Competency-Based Training'): Reason: Government programs today are increasingly complex, requiring specialized knowledge in areas like project management, data analytics, public-private partnerships, digital governance, and specific sectoral expertise (e.g., health, education, environment). Traditional generalist training often failed to equip employees with these specific competencies. NTP's Response: The policy promoted 'competency-based training,' which means

Question 11

The evidences suggest that the dream of deliberative democracy could not be realized in practice at the grassroot level. Evaluate the impediments in the functioning of Gram Sabha.

Accepted Answer

The concept of deliberative democracy, where decisions are made through reasoned discussion and consensus among informed citizens, finds its ideal manifestation at the grassroots level, particularly in institutions like the Gram Sabha in India. The Gram Sabha, comprising all adult voters of a village, is envisioned as the primary forum for direct democracy, participatory planning, and social accountability. However, evidence suggests that the dream of deliberative democracy often remains unrealized in practice due to several significant impediments in its functioning. Impediments in the Functioning of Gram Sabha: 1. Low Attendance and Lack of Quorum: A fundamental challenge is the consistently low attendance at Gram Sabha meetings. Many members are unaware of the meetings, lack interest, or are unable to attend due to work commitments, migration, or social barriers. This often leads to meetings being postponed or decisions being made by a small, unrepresentative group, undermining the participatory ideal. 2. Dominance by Elite and Vested Interests: In many villages, the Gram Sabha is dominated by local elites, powerful individuals, or specific caste/community groups. These groups often manipulate the agenda, suppress dissenting voices, and push decisions that serve their own interests rather than the collective good. This stifles genuine deliberation and equitable decision-making. 3. Lack of Awareness and Information: Many Gram Sabha members, particularly women and marginalized groups, lack adequate information about their rights, government schemes, financial allocations, and the agenda of the meetings. Without proper information, meaningful deliberation and informed decision-making are impossible. Information asymmetry empowers a few and disempowers the majority. 4. Procedural Irregularities and Manipulation: Meetings are often conducted in a perfunctory manner, without proper notice, adherence to quorum rules, or accurate record-keeping. Minutes may be manipulate

Question 12

Considerable attention has been paid to the restructuring of the administrative systems at the Central and local levels, but very few reforms have been undertaken at the State level. What steps would you suggest to rectify it?

Accepted Answer

The observation that administrative reforms have largely bypassed the state level, despite significant attention at central and local tiers, points to a critical gap in governance. State governments are pivotal in delivering public services, implementing policies, and driving development, making their administrative efficiency paramount. Rectifying this imbalance requires a multi-pronged approach focusing on structural, procedural, and human resource reforms. Structural Reforms: Rationalization of Departments and Agencies: Many states suffer from an excessive number of departments, leading to overlapping functions, bureaucratic silos, and inefficient resource allocation. A comprehensive review should aim to merge, abolish, or reconfigure departments based on functional coherence and contemporary needs. This can streamline decision-making and improve coordination. Strengthening Decentralization: While local bodies have received attention, their empowerment often remains incomplete. States need to genuinely devolve powers, functions, and funds to Panchayati Raj Institutions and Urban Local Bodies, accompanied by capacity building for local officials and elected representatives. This includes clarity on roles and responsibilities between state and local levels. Inter-Departmental Coordination Mechanisms: Establish robust mechanisms like inter-departmental committees, common digital platforms, and integrated project management units to break down silos and foster collaborative governance, especially for cross-cutting issues like urban planning, disaster management, or social welfare. Procedural Reforms: Simplification of Rules and Regulations: Many state-level rules and procedures are archaic, complex, and opaque, leading to delays, corruption, and citizen inconvenience. A systematic review and simplification of these rules, leveraging technology for process re-engineering, can enhance transparency and efficiency. This includes reducing the number of clearances required

Question 13

It is observed that non-functioning of District Planning Committees is preventing the convergence of rural and urban planning needs. Do you agree? Justify.

Accepted Answer

Yes, I strongly agree that the non-functioning or ineffective functioning of District Planning Committees (DPCs) significantly impedes the convergence of rural and urban planning needs. The very purpose of DPCs, as mandated by Article 243ZD of the Indian Constitution (74th Amendment Act), is to consolidate the plans prepared by Panchayats and Municipalities in the district and prepare a draft development plan for the entire district, encompassing both rural and urban areas. When this core function is not performed effectively, the intended convergence naturally suffers. Justification: 1. Lack of Integrated Vision: Without a functional DPC, there is no single institutional mechanism to create a holistic development vision for the district. Rural and urban areas often develop in isolation, leading to fragmented infrastructure, uncoordinated resource allocation, and a lack of synergy between development initiatives. For example, a new industrial zone in an urban area might not adequately consider the housing, transport, or employment needs of the surrounding rural population if planning is not integrated. 2. Absence of Spatial Planning: DPCs are meant to undertake spatial planning, considering land use, infrastructure development, environmental sustainability, and socio-economic linkages across the district. Their non-functioning means that land use patterns, transportation networks, and utility services are often planned piecemeal, leading to urban sprawl, encroachment on agricultural land, and inadequate provision of services at the rural-urban interface. 3. Inefficient Resource Allocation: When rural and urban plans are not integrated, resources (financial, human, and natural) are often allocated inefficiently. There might be duplication of efforts in some areas and critical gaps in others. A DPC, by consolidating plans, can identify common needs, prioritize projects, and ensure optimal utilization of funds from various state and central schemes, fostering a more ba

Question 14

The strategy to deal with the non-performing assets of banks may lead to overburdened taxpayers. Examine the role of government to protect the interests of both.

Accepted Answer

The issue of Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) in banks is a significant challenge for any economy, as it erodes bank profitability, constrains lending, and can destabilize the financial system. Strategies to resolve NPAs, such as recapitalization of public sector banks, asset reconstruction companies (ARCs), or bad banks, often involve public funds, potentially burdening taxpayers. The government's role is crucial in navigating this complex situation, ensuring financial stability while protecting the interests of both banks (and by extension, the financial system) and the taxpayers. Protecting the Interests of Banks (and Financial Stability): 1. Recapitalization: When public sector banks face capital erosion due to NPAs, the government often injects capital to maintain their solvency and lending capacity. This is vital to prevent a credit crunch and ensure the smooth functioning of the economy. The government must ensure that recapitalization is accompanied by stringent conditions for governance reforms and improved risk management within banks to prevent a recurrence of the NPA problem. 2. Regulatory Framework: The government, through the central bank (e.g., RBI in India), establishes and enforces robust regulatory frameworks for lending, asset classification, provisioning, and recovery. This includes prompt corrective action (PCA) frameworks for weak banks and guidelines for resolution mechanisms like the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC). Effective regulation helps in early identification and resolution of stress. 3. Facilitating Resolution Mechanisms: The government plays a key role in creating and strengthening mechanisms for NPA resolution. This includes establishing and empowering ARCs, promoting the sale of stressed assets, and ensuring the efficient functioning of legal frameworks like the IBC. A well-functioning resolution ecosystem helps banks recover dues and clean up their balance sheets. 4. Promoting Responsible Lending: The government can encourage ban

Question 15

The police-public interface is punctuated with distrust and fear. Suggest how the police can reform its image in the eyes of the public.

Accepted Answer

The perception of police by the public is often marred by distrust and fear, stemming from historical issues, instances of misconduct, lack of transparency, and perceived insensitivity. Reforming this image is crucial for effective law enforcement, as public cooperation is vital for crime prevention, investigation, and maintaining order. A comprehensive approach focusing on professionalism, transparency, community engagement, and accountability is essential. 1. Enhancing Professionalism and Ethical Conduct: Rigorous Training: Invest in continuous and updated training for all police personnel, focusing not just on law and order but also on soft skills like communication, empathy, conflict resolution, and sensitivity towards vulnerable groups (women, children, minorities, LGBTQ+ individuals). Adherence to Rule of Law: Emphasize strict adherence to legal procedures, human rights, and constitutional principles. Any deviation, especially instances of excessive force, illegal detention, or torture, must be dealt with swiftly and severely. Ethical Leadership: Promote ethical leadership within the police force, where senior officers lead by example and foster a culture of integrity, fairness, and service. 2. Promoting Transparency and Accountability: Independent Grievance Redressal: Establish and strengthen independent civilian oversight bodies or police complaints authorities to investigate allegations of misconduct. These bodies must be accessible, transparent, and have the power to recommend disciplinary action. Body Cameras and CCTV: Implement the use of body-worn cameras for officers on duty and install CCTV cameras in police stations, particularly in interrogation rooms. This enhances accountability, provides evidence, and deters misconduct. Public Disclosure: Be transparent about crime statistics, police actions, and internal inquiries (while respecting privacy). Regular public reports on police performance and challenges can build trust. Whistleblower Protection: Cr

Question 16

(b) "The RTI has started its journey, but is far from its destination." In the view of the statement, examine the present status of the RTI movement.

Accepted Answer

The Right to Information (RTI) Act, enacted in 2005, marked a significant milestone in India's democratic journey, empowering citizens with the ability to demand transparency and accountability from public authorities. Indeed, it has started its journey, but the statement that it is far from its destination accurately reflects its current status, which is characterized by both remarkable achievements and persistent challenges. Achievements of the RTI Movement: 1. Enhanced Transparency and Accountability: RTI has been instrumental in unearthing corruption, exposing irregularities in government functioning, and holding public officials accountable. It has brought to light scams, misuse of funds, and arbitrary decision-making. 2. Citizen Empowerment: It has empowered ordinary citizens, particularly the marginalized, to access information about government schemes, services, and their own entitlements, thereby reducing information asymmetry and promoting participatory governance. 3. Improved Governance: The fear of public scrutiny through RTI has, to some extent, compelled public authorities to maintain better records, follow due processes, and be more responsive to citizen needs. 4. Tool for Social Justice: RTI has been used effectively to monitor the implementation of welfare programs, land records, environmental clearances, and public distribution systems, ensuring that benefits reach the intended beneficiaries. 5. Judicial Scrutiny: Information obtained through RTI has often formed the basis for public interest litigations, leading to judicial interventions and reforms. Challenges and Limitations (Far from its Destination): 1. Pendency and Delays: Information Commissions at both central and state levels face a massive backlog of appeals and complaints, leading to significant delays in obtaining information. Vacancies in these commissions further exacerbate the problem. 2. Non-Compliance and Resistance: Many public authorities, despite legal obligations, resist provid

Question 17

(c) The concept of new localism arrangement may defeat the very purpose of local self-governance. Do you agree? Justify.

Accepted Answer

The statement that the concept of new localism arrangement may defeat the very purpose of local self-governance is a nuanced one, and I largely agree with this assertion, though with caveats. To understand this, it's crucial to define both terms and analyze their potential interactions. Local Self-Governance: This refers to the democratic administration of local affairs by locally elected bodies (like Panchayats and Municipalities in India). Its core purpose is to empower local communities, ensure democratic participation, promote responsiveness to local needs, foster accountability of local leaders, and facilitate decentralized development tailored to specific contexts. New Localism: This is a contemporary approach to local governance that emphasizes decentralization, community empowerment, and local control, but often with a distinct flavor. It typically involves: 1. Partnerships: Encouraging collaboration between local government, private sector, and voluntary/community organizations. 2. Market-based Solutions: Promoting efficiency and innovation through market mechanisms and competition in service delivery. 3. Community Engagement: Directly involving citizens and community groups in decision-making and service provision. 4. Fiscal Decentralization: Giving local bodies more control over their finances, but often linked to performance or specific outcomes. 5. Focus on Outcomes: Shifting from process-driven to outcome-driven governance. How New Localism Can Defeat Local Self-Governance: 1. Erosion of Democratic Accountability: When services are outsourced to private companies or delivered by unelected community groups, the direct democratic accountability of elected local bodies can be diluted. Citizens may find it harder to hold private providers or non-governmental organizations accountable than their elected representatives. 2. Prioritization of Efficiency Over Equity: New localism's emphasis on market-based solutions and efficiency can sometimes lead to a negle

Question 18

(d) Effective 'Performance Management System' needs to precede 'taking deadwood out' from bureaucracy. Comment.

Accepted Answer

The statement that an effective 'Performance Management System' (PMS) needs to precede 'taking deadwood out' from bureaucracy is profoundly accurate and reflects a modern, humane, and strategic approach to public administration. Removing 'deadwood' – referring to inefficient, unproductive, or unmotivated employees – without a robust PMS can be arbitrary, demoralizing, and counterproductive. Understanding 'Deadwood' and the Need for Removal: 'Deadwood' in bureaucracy can hinder organizational effectiveness, waste public resources, and create a culture of mediocrity. The goal of removing such elements is to enhance efficiency, productivity, and accountability within the public service. However, the process of identifying and removing them must be fair, transparent, and objective. Role of an Effective Performance Management System: An effective PMS is a systematic process that involves: 1. Goal Setting: Clearly defining individual and team objectives aligned with organizational goals. 2. Performance Monitoring: Regularly tracking progress and providing ongoing feedback. 3. Performance Appraisal: Periodically evaluating performance against set standards and competencies. 4. Development and Training: Identifying skill gaps and providing opportunities for improvement. 5. Rewards and Sanctions: Linking performance to career progression, incentives, and, where necessary, disciplinary actions. Why PMS Must Precede 'Taking Deadwood Out': 1. Objective Identification of Underperformance: A well-implemented PMS provides objective data and evidence of an employee's performance over time. It helps distinguish between genuine underperformers and those who might be perceived as such due to biases or lack of opportunities. Without PMS, 'deadwood' identification can be subjective, based on anecdotal evidence or personal prejudices. 2. Opportunity for Improvement: PMS is primarily a developmental tool. It identifies areas where an employee needs to improve and provides the necessary tr

Question 19

(e) All weather rural connectivity scheme to even unconnected rural habitations has the potential to transform the rural economy. Do you agree? Justify.

Accepted Answer

I strongly agree with the statement that an all-weather rural connectivity scheme, extending to even unconnected rural habitations, has the profound potential to transform the rural economy. Rural connectivity, particularly through all-weather roads, acts as a fundamental enabler for holistic development, unlocking economic opportunities and improving the quality of life in previously isolated areas. Justification for Transformative Potential: 1. Enhanced Market Access for Agricultural Produce: Farmers in unconnected villages often face significant challenges in transporting their produce to markets, leading to distress sales, spoilage, and exploitation by middlemen. All-weather roads provide reliable access to larger markets, enabling farmers to get better prices, reduce post-harvest losses, and diversify their crops based on market demand. This directly boosts agricultural incomes. 2. Reduced Transportation Costs and Time: Improved roads reduce the cost and time involved in transporting goods and people. This benefits not only farmers but also small businesses, traders, and consumers, making goods and services more affordable and accessible. 3. Growth of Non-Farm Activities: Connectivity facilitates the establishment and growth of non-farm enterprises such as small-scale industries, handicrafts, and service sectors (e.g., repair shops, retail stores). It allows rural residents to commute to nearby towns for work or to bring raw materials and finished goods to and from their villages, diversifying income sources beyond agriculture. 4. Access to Inputs and Technology: Farmers can more easily access essential agricultural inputs like quality seeds, fertilizers, modern machinery, and extension services. This leads to improved productivity and adoption of better farming practices. 5. Improved Access to Education and Healthcare: All-weather roads ensure that children can attend schools regularly, even during monsoons, and that teachers can reach remote areas. Similarly,

Question 20

6. (a) The office of the District Collector has merely become a bureau for funnelling government schemes, collecting statistics and an officer on attendance for unending VIP duties. Critically examine its role in the light of the recommendations of the Second Administrative Reforms Commission.

Accepted Answer

The statement accurately captures a significant concern regarding the contemporary role of the District Collector (DC) in India. Historically, the DC was a powerful figure, the 'eyes and ears' of the government, responsible for revenue administration, law and order, and overall district development. However, over time, the role has indeed evolved, often becoming overburdened with routine administrative tasks, scheme implementation, data collection, and an increasing number of VIP duties, potentially diluting its strategic and developmental impact. Critically examining this in light of the Second Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) recommendations provides valuable insights. The Evolving Role of the District Collector: Traditional Role: The DC was the linchpin of district administration, combining executive, magisterial, revenue, and developmental powers. They were seen as the generalist administrator, coordinating all government activities at the district level. Contemporary Reality (as stated): The statement highlights a shift where the DC's office is perceived as: Scheme Funnelling Bureau: Primarily responsible for implementing and monitoring numerous central and state government schemes, often with limited flexibility. Statistics Collection Hub: Engaged in extensive data collection and reporting for various government departments. VIP Duty Officer: Spending considerable time and resources on protocol and security arrangements for visiting dignitaries, diverting attention from core responsibilities. This shift has led to concerns that the DC's office is becoming more reactive and less proactive, losing its strategic leadership in district governance and development. Second Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) Recommendations (10th Report: 'Refurbishing Personnel Administration'): The ARC, recognizing the changing landscape of governance and the need for decentralization, made several pertinent recommendations regarding the role of the DC: 1. Focus on Core F

Question 21

6. (b) Minimal accountability being the dominant norm in the political system, the Lokpal can only be an ideal institution with limited effectiveness. Explain.

Accepted Answer

The statement posits a critical challenge to the effectiveness of the Lokpal: that in a political system where minimal accountability is the dominant norm, the Lokpal, despite being an ideal institution, will inevitably have limited effectiveness. This perspective is largely accurate and highlights the systemic hurdles any anti-corruption body faces in such an environment. Understanding Lokpal as an Ideal Institution: The Lokpal is conceived as an independent, statutory body designed to inquire into allegations of corruption against public functionaries, including the Prime Minister, ministers, and Members of Parliament. Its ideal purpose is to: 1. Enhance Accountability: Hold high-ranking public officials accountable for acts of corruption. 2. Promote Transparency: Bring greater transparency to governance. 3. Deter Corruption: Act as a deterrent against corrupt practices. 4. Provide Redressal: Offer a mechanism for citizens to lodge complaints against corruption. In theory, the Lokpal is a powerful tool to strengthen ethical governance and combat corruption, embodying the ideal of an impartial ombudsman. The Impact of 'Minimal Accountability as a Dominant Norm': When minimal accountability is the prevailing norm in a political system, it implies a culture where: Political Will is Weak: There is a lack of genuine commitment from the political executive to enforce strict accountability measures, especially against its own members or allies. Impunity Prevails: Corrupt individuals often escape punishment due to systemic loopholes, delays in justice, or political patronage. Transparency is Resisted: Efforts to bring transparency are often met with resistance, and information is withheld or manipulated. Oversight Mechanisms are Undermined: Institutions designed for oversight (like the Lokpal, CBI, CVC, CAG) may be weakened, their independence compromised, or their recommendations ignored. How Minimal Accountability Limits Lokpal's Effectiveness: 1. Appointment and Indepe

Question 22

'NITI Aayog' has changed the way India strategized for economic development, but its effectiveness is yet to be seen, especially when its financial powers are far less than its predecessor. Analyze.

Accepted Answer

The establishment of NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India) in January 2015 marked a significant departure from India's traditional approach to economic planning, replacing the six-decade-old Planning Commission. This change reflected a fundamental shift in the philosophy of governance and economic development, moving away from a centralized, top-down model towards a more decentralized, cooperative, and market-oriented approach. Change in Strategy for Economic Development: 1. From Command Planning to Think Tank: The Planning Commission was a central planning body that formulated Five-Year Plans, allocated resources to states and ministries, and had significant financial powers. NITI Aayog, in contrast, is primarily a 'think tank' or an advisory body to the Government of India. It does not have the power to allocate funds. 2. Cooperative Federalism: NITI Aayog emphasizes 'cooperative federalism' by involving states more actively in policy formulation. It aims to foster a shared vision of national development priorities with the active involvement of states, moving from a 'one-size-fits-all' approach to recognizing diverse needs and strengths of states. 3. Bottom-Up Approach: While the Planning Commission followed a top-down approach, NITI Aayog advocates for a bottom-up approach, encouraging states to develop their own strategies and providing them with technical and policy support. 4. Knowledge and Innovation Hub: NITI Aayog is envisioned as a knowledge and innovation hub, providing strategic and technical advice to the central and state governments on policy matters, rather than being a direct implementer or allocator of funds. 5. Monitoring and Evaluation: It focuses on monitoring the implementation of policies and programs, evaluating their effectiveness, and identifying areas for improvement, thereby promoting evidence-based policymaking. 6. Competitive Federalism: It promotes 'competitive federalism' by creating indices and rankings for states

Question 23

Efforts to strengthen State Finance Commissions have faced apathy of State Governments over the years, which has also affected the successive Central Finance Commissions in recommending appropriate fiscal transfers to local bodies. Substantiate the answer with examples.

Accepted Answer

State Finance Commissions (SFCs) are constitutional bodies established under Article 243I for Panchayats and Article 243Y for Municipalities of the Indian Constitution. Their primary mandate is to review the financial position of local self-governments (Panchayats and Municipalities) and make recommendations to the Governor regarding the distribution of net proceeds of taxes, duties, tolls, and fees between the State and local bodies, the determination of taxes, duties, tolls, and fees that may be assigned to local bodies, and grants-in-aid to local bodies from the Consolidated Fund of the State. Essentially, SFCs are crucial for fiscal decentralization and strengthening grassroots democracy. Apathy of State Governments Towards SFCs: Despite their constitutional mandate and critical role, SFCs have consistently faced apathy and neglect from State Governments, undermining their effectiveness: 1. Delayed or Non-Constitution: Many states have a poor track record of constituting SFCs on time (every five years). There have been instances where SFCs are constituted with significant delays, or some states have even failed to constitute them for multiple terms. For example, several states have not constituted their 5th or 6th SFCs in a timely manner, leading to a vacuum in recommendations for local body finances. 2. Non-Acceptance or Partial Acceptance of Recommendations: Even when SFCs submit their reports, state governments often either reject their recommendations outright, accept them partially, or delay their implementation significantly. This renders the SFCs' efforts largely ineffective. For instance, the recommendations of the 4th and 5th SFCs in many states regarding the share of local bodies in state taxes or specific grants have not been fully implemented. 3. Inadequate Resources and Support: SFCs are often not provided with adequate staff, financial resources, or data to conduct their analyses effectively. This lack of institutional support compromises the quali

Question 24

Accountability of regulatory bodies would address the problem of over-regulation and help make them truly facilitators. Analyze the present status of regulators and suggest measures to induce accountability in the mechanism.

Accepted Answer

Regulatory bodies are essential institutions in a modern economy, tasked with overseeing specific sectors (e.g., finance, telecommunications, energy, environment) to ensure fair competition, protect consumer interests, maintain standards, prevent market failures, and promote orderly growth. Examples in India include SEBI (capital markets), TRAI (telecom), RBI (banking), IRDAI (insurance), CERC (power), and CCI (competition). While their independence is crucial for effective functioning, their accountability is equally vital to prevent over-regulation and ensure they act as facilitators rather than impediments. Problem of Over-regulation: Over-regulation occurs when regulatory interventions become excessive, complex, or disproportionate to the problem they aim to solve. This can lead to: Stifling Innovation: Excessive rules can discourage new entrants and innovative practices. Increased Compliance Costs: Businesses incur significant costs in adhering to numerous regulations, which can be passed on to consumers or reduce competitiveness. Entry Barriers: Complex regulations can make it difficult for new businesses to enter a market, leading to reduced competition. Regulatory Capture: Over-regulation can sometimes lead to 'regulatory capture,' where regulators, over time, become influenced by the industries they are supposed to regulate, serving industry interests rather than public good. Reduced Efficiency: Unnecessary bureaucratic hurdles can slow down economic activity and decision-making. Present Status of Regulators in India (Analysis): Indian regulatory bodies have evolved significantly, contributing to market stability and consumer protection. However, they face several challenges regarding their accountability and effectiveness: 1. Perceived Lack of Accountability: Many regulators are seen as operating in a 'black box,' with limited public scrutiny of their decision-making processes, performance, and outcomes. Their accountability to Parliament or the public is

Question 25

'Sevottam Scheme' had great potential to reform service delivery, but opportunity is frittered away. Comment.

Accepted Answer

The Sevottam Scheme, launched by the Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG) in India, was conceptualized as a comprehensive framework to improve public service delivery. Its name, a portmanteau of 'Seva' (service) and 'Uttam' (excellent), encapsulated its core objective: to ensure 'excellence in service delivery'. The scheme was built on three pillars: Citizen's Charter, Public Grievance Redressal Mechanism, and Service Delivery Capability. Each pillar aimed to bring about a citizen-centric approach to governance. Potential of Sevottam: 1. Citizen-Centricity: It aimed to shift the focus of government departments from being rule-centric to citizen-centric, ensuring services were designed and delivered keeping the end-user in mind. 2. Transparency and Accountability: Through the Citizen's Charter, departments were required to publicly declare the services they offered, service standards, timelines, and grievance redressal mechanisms, thereby enhancing transparency and holding them accountable. 3. Standardization of Services: It provided a framework for standardizing service delivery across various government departments, ensuring a baseline quality for citizens. 4. Effective Grievance Redressal: By mandating robust grievance redressal systems, it sought to provide citizens with a reliable channel to voice their concerns and seek resolution. 5. Continuous Improvement: The third pillar, Service Delivery Capability, focused on assessing and improving the internal capacity of departments to deliver services effectively, promoting a culture of continuous improvement. Opportunity Frittered Away: Despite its noble objectives and well-structured framework, the Sevottam Scheme largely failed to achieve its full potential, and the opportunity to revolutionize public service delivery was indeed frittered away due to several reasons: 1. Lack of Political Will and Bureaucratic Resistance: There was often a lack of sustained political commitment and bure

Question 26

The National Policy on Disaster Management envisages a paradigm shift from hitherto reactive post-disaster relief centric regime to more pro-active and enabling environment. Examine the responses of State Governments in this regard.

Accepted Answer

The National Policy on Disaster Management (NPDM), formulated in 2009, marked a significant philosophical shift in India's approach to disaster management. Historically, India's strategy was largely reactive, focusing primarily on post-disaster relief, rescue, and rehabilitation. The NPDM, however, envisioned a paradigm shift towards a more proactive, holistic, and integrated approach, emphasizing prevention, mitigation, preparedness, and risk reduction alongside response and recovery. This policy aimed to build a safer and disaster-resilient India by developing a culture of prevention and preparedness at all levels. Key Elements of the Proactive Shift Envisioned by NPDM: 1. Prevention and Mitigation: Focus on structural and non-structural measures to reduce the impact of disasters. 2. Preparedness: Enhancing capacities for effective response through early warning systems, training, and mock drills. 3. Risk Assessment and Vulnerability Mapping: Understanding and mapping potential hazards and vulnerable areas. 4. Integration with Development Planning: Incorporating disaster risk reduction (DRR) into development projects and policies. 5. Community Participation: Empowering local communities as first responders and active participants in DRR. 6. Capacity Building: Training of personnel, strengthening institutions, and promoting research and development. Responses of State Governments: State governments play a crucial role in implementing the NPDM, as disaster management is primarily a state subject. Their responses have been mixed, showing both progress and persistent challenges: Positive Responses and Progress: 1. Institutional Framework: Most states have established State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) and District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMAs) under the Disaster Management Act, 2005, providing a legal and institutional framework for DRR. 2. State Disaster Management Plans (SDMPs): Many states have formulated their SDMPs, outlining strategies for p

Question 27

(c) Performance grants devolved by Finance Commission of India have increased the financial accountability of the local bodies. Elaborate.

Accepted Answer

The Finance Commission of India, a constitutional body established under Article 280, plays a pivotal role in defining the financial relations between the Union and State Governments. Over successive commissions, its mandate has expanded to include recommendations for augmenting the Consolidated Fund of a State to supplement the resources of Panchayats and Municipalities (local bodies). A significant innovation in this regard has been the introduction and increasing emphasis on 'performance grants,' which have demonstrably enhanced the financial accountability of local bodies. Traditionally, grants to local bodies were often unconditional or based on general criteria. However, performance grants are tied to specific conditions, benchmarks, and outcomes, thereby incentivizing better financial management and service delivery. Here's how they increase financial accountability: 1. Conditionality and Incentivization: A major portion of the grants recommended by Finance Commissions (e.g., 14th and 15th FCs) for local bodies is often conditional. These conditions typically include improving own-source revenue generation (e.g., property tax collection), timely auditing of accounts, public disclosure of financial statements, implementation of e-governance, and achieving specific service delivery targets (e.g., sanitation, water supply, solid waste management). To access these funds, local bodies are compelled to meet these criteria, fostering a culture of performance and fiscal discipline. 2. Transparency and Public Disclosure: Many performance conditions mandate local bodies to publish their financial statements, budgets, and performance reports in the public domain. This increased transparency allows citizens and civil society organizations to scrutinize how funds are being utilized, promoting greater public oversight and demanding accountability from elected representatives and officials. 3. Strengthening Audit Mechanisms: A recurring condition for receiving performance g

Question 28

(b) Even though the law and order administration is a State subject, it is paradoxical that the Central agencies—NIA or paramilitary forces under the Union Government—have restricted the powers of State Governments. Discuss.

Accepted Answer

The administration of law and order is unequivocally listed as a State subject under Entry 2 of List II (State List) of the Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution. This grants State Governments the primary responsibility and authority over policing, public order, and related matters. However, the increasing role and powers of Central agencies like the National Investigation Agency (NIA) and various paramilitary forces (e.g., CRPF, BSF, ITBP) under the Union Government present a significant paradox, often perceived as restricting the powers of State Governments. The paradox arises from the tension between the constitutional division of powers and the practical necessities of national security, inter-state crime, and maintaining internal stability. Here's how Central agencies are seen to restrict State powers: 1. National Investigation Agency (NIA): Established after the 26/11 Mumbai attacks, the NIA is empowered to investigate and prosecute offenses listed in its Schedule, which primarily includes terror-related crimes, without requiring the consent of State Governments. This is a significant departure from the traditional federal structure where police powers reside with the States. When the NIA takes over a case, the State police's jurisdiction and investigative powers are superseded. While its mandate is crucial for national security, its ability to operate independently across State borders can lead to jurisdictional conflicts and a perception of central encroachment on State police functions. 2. Paramilitary Forces (Central Armed Police Forces - CAPFs): These forces, such as the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), Border Security Force (BSF), Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP), etc., are under the operational control of the Union Ministry of Home Affairs. They are deployed in States for various purposes, including maintaining law and order, counter-insurgency operations, border guarding, and election duties. While their deployment is often in aid of civil p

Public Administration Optional 2019 Paper II

28 Questions Available

Public Administration Optional 2019 Paper II

28 Questions Available

Question 1: The economic reforms have significantly infringed the basic values and spirit of the Indian Constitution. Examine.

Question 2: Macaulay's ideas on Indian Civil Service corresponded to the elite theory of bureaucracy, which continue to persist. Do you agree? Justify.

Question 3: There has been an opinion that the ethos of Indian Judicial System continue to be colonial. Suggest measures for raising the level of judicial excelle

Question 4: Various commissions have reiterated the crucial role of the Governor in Indian system of governance, but the successive governments have not heeded to

Question 5: In the text of Arthashastra, 'the State is neither a police State nor merely a tax gathering State'. Comment.

Question 6: Article 356 acts "very much like the proverbial bolt from the blue ... without giving an opportunity or notice to the State Government to correct its

Question 7: Public Sector Undertakings were expected to take the Indian economy to the 'commanding heights', instead the successive governments have been pushing

Question 8: Emerging developmental aspirations of the society necessitate the constitutional amendment to change the present safeguards available to the civil ser

Question 9: "Strong PMO is anti-thesis to the feature of collective responsibility of Council of Ministers." Examine the issues in relation to the position of PMO

Question 10: Capacity issues relating to employees have hampered the implementation of several government programmes. Trace the reasons in the context of the provi

Question 11: The evidences suggest that the dream of deliberative democracy could not be realized in practice at the grassroot level. Evaluate the impediments in t

Question 12: Considerable attention has been paid to the restructuring of the administrative systems at the Central and local levels, but very few reforms have bee

Question 13: It is observed that non-functioning of District Planning Committees is preventing the convergence of rural and urban planning needs. Do you agree? Jus

Question 14: The strategy to deal with the non-performing assets of banks may lead to overburdened taxpayers. Examine the role of government to protect the interes

Question 15: The police-public interface is punctuated with distrust and fear. Suggest how the police can reform its image in the eyes of the public.

Question 16: (b) "The RTI has started its journey, but is far from its destination." In the view of the statement, examine the present status of the RTI movement.

Question 17: (c) The concept of new localism arrangement may defeat the very purpose of local self-governance. Do you agree? Justify.

Question 18: (d) Effective 'Performance Management System' needs to precede 'taking deadwood out' from bureaucracy. Comment.

Question 19: (e) All weather rural connectivity scheme to even unconnected rural habitations has the potential to transform the rural economy. Do you agree? Justif

Question 20: 6. (a) The office of the District Collector has merely become a bureau for funnelling government schemes, collecting statistics and an officer on atte

Question 21: 6. (b) Minimal accountability being the dominant norm in the political system, the Lokpal can only be an ideal institution with limited effectiveness.

Question 22: 'NITI Aayog' has changed the way India strategized for economic development, but its effectiveness is yet to be seen, especially when its financial po

Question 23: Efforts to strengthen State Finance Commissions have faced apathy of State Governments over the years, which has also affected the successive Central

Question 24: Accountability of regulatory bodies would address the problem of over-regulation and help make them truly facilitators. Analyze the present status of

Question 25: 'Sevottam Scheme' had great potential to reform service delivery, but opportunity is frittered away. Comment.

Question 26: The National Policy on Disaster Management envisages a paradigm shift from hitherto reactive post-disaster relief centric regime to more pro-active an

Question 27: (c) Performance grants devolved by Finance Commission of India have increased the financial accountability of the local bodies. Elaborate.

Question 28: (b) Even though the law and order administration is a State subject, it is paradoxical that the Central agencies—NIA or paramilitary forces under the