Question 1

“उपनिवेशवाद से लेकर वर्तमान तक बदलते हुए समय के बावजूद जिला कलैक्टर का पद सराहनीय रूप से अब भी टिका हुआ है।” टिप्पणी कीजिए । "The office of the District Collector admirably survived the changing times from colonialism to the present times". Comment.

Accepted Answer

The office of the District Collector (DC), or District Magistrate (DM), is a remarkable example of institutional resilience in India. Originating during the British colonial era, it has not only survived the transition to an independent, democratic nation but has also adapted and evolved to remain a pivotal administrative position, admirably enduring the changing times. Colonial Genesis and Role: The office was created by Warren Hastings in 1772, primarily to collect land revenue. Over time, the Collector's role expanded to include maintaining law and order (as District Magistrate), administering justice, and overseeing general administration. The DC was the 'eyes and ears' of the colonial government, embodying the state's authority and control at the grassroots level. This concentration of revenue, magisterial, and executive powers made the DC a formidable figure, crucial for colonial governance. Post-Independence Adaptation and Evolution: After India gained independence in 1947, the fundamental objective of governance shifted from colonial exploitation to welfare and development. Despite initial debates about its colonial legacy, the office of the DC was retained due to its established structure, familiarity, and the practical need for a unified administrative head at the district level. The role, however, underwent significant transformation: 1. Developmental Focus: With the advent of Five-Year Plans and various welfare schemes, the DC became the chief coordinator of developmental activities in the district. They oversee the implementation of central and state government programs aimed at poverty alleviation, education, health, and infrastructure development. 2. Revenue Administration: The core function of land revenue collection and maintenance of land records continues, ensuring financial stability for the state and clarity on property rights. 3. Law and Order: As District Magistrate, the DC remains responsible for maintaining public peace and order, coordinati

Question 2

“राष्ट्रीय भारत परिवर्तन संस्थान (नीति) आयोग हमारे देश की विकास कार्यसूची तैयार करने में 'सुपर केबीनेट' बन चुका है।” उपयुक्त उदाहरणों सहित इस कथन का परीक्षण कीजिये । "National Institution for Transforming India (NITI) Ayog has become super cabinet in formulating the development agenda of our country

Accepted Answer

The National Institution for Transforming India (NITI) Aayog, established in 2015, replaced the erstwhile Planning Commission with a mandate to act as a 'think tank' and provide strategic and technical advice to the central and state governments. The statement that NITI Aayog has become a 'super cabinet' in formulating the development agenda of the country suggests that its influence extends beyond mere advisory functions, effectively shaping policy decisions at the highest level. While technically an advisory body, its structure and functions lend credence to this perception. Arguments for NITI Aayog as a 'Super Cabinet': 1. Direct Access and Influence of the Prime Minister: The Prime Minister serves as the Chairperson of NITI Aayog, and its Vice-Chairperson and full-time members are often high-profile individuals with direct access to the PM and the Union Cabinet. This direct line of communication and the PM's personal involvement give NITI Aayog's recommendations significant weight and authority, often ensuring their adoption by the Cabinet. 2. Policy Formulation and Agenda Setting: NITI Aayog is actively involved in conceptualizing and formulating long-term strategies, vision documents, and policy frameworks that guide the government's development agenda. It moves beyond mere planning to strategic policy design. Example: NITI Aayog has prepared the 'Three-Year Action Agenda,' 'Seven-Year Strategy,' and 'Fifteen-Year Vision Document,' which serve as comprehensive blueprints for India's development trajectory. These documents are not just suggestions but often form the basis for ministerial policies and programs. Example: It played a crucial role in conceptualizing and promoting flagship government initiatives like 'Make in India,' 'Digital India,' 'Swachh Bharat Abhiyan,' and 'Aspirational Districts Program' by providing strategic inputs, coordinating efforts, and developing implementation frameworks. 3. Inter-Ministerial Coordination and Convergence: NITI Aayog

Question 3

“विगत तीन दशकों के दौरान हुए नवीन आर्थिक सुधारों ने न केवल औद्योगिक लाइसेंस (अनुज्ञापत्र) के क्षेत्र और सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के लिये अनन्य आरक्षित क्षेत्र को घटाया है बल्कि विद्यमान सार्वजनिक उपक्रमों की स्वायत्तता को भी अतिक्रमित किया है ।” परीक्षण कीजिये । "The New Economic Reforms during the past th

Accepted Answer

The New Economic Reforms (NER) initiated in India in 1991 marked a watershed moment, fundamentally altering the country's economic landscape from a state-controlled, inward-looking model to a more liberalized, market-oriented one. The statement accurately identifies two significant impacts of these reforms: the reduction in industrial licensing and public sector reservation, and the alleged infringement on the autonomy of existing Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs). 1. Reduction in Industrial Licensing and Public Sector Reservation: Prior to 1991, India operated under the 'License Raj,' a system where almost every industrial activity, from setting up a new unit to expanding capacity or diversifying production, required a government license. This led to inefficiencies, corruption, and stifled competition and innovation. Abolition of Industrial Licensing: A cornerstone of the 1991 reforms was the near-total abolition of industrial licensing. Most industries were delicensed, allowing private players to enter and operate with greater freedom. Licensing was retained only for a few strategic, environmentally sensitive, or hazardous industries (e.g., defence, atomic energy, tobacco, alcohol). Opening Up Reserved Sectors: Historically, many core and strategic sectors (e.g., power, telecommunications, civil aviation, banking, insurance, heavy manufacturing) were exclusively reserved for the public sector. The NER progressively opened up most of these sectors to private participation, both domestic and foreign. This significantly reduced the exclusive domain of PSUs and introduced competition. Impact: These changes led to a surge in private investment, increased competition, technological upgradation, and greater choice for consumers. It also forced PSUs to become more competitive and efficient in the face of new private rivals. 2. Infringement on the Autonomy of Existing Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs): The second part of the statement argues that while these reforms aimed

Question 4

‘सांकेतिक नियोजन सार्वजनिक एवम् निजी गतिविधियों के बीच समन्वय को आश्वस्त करने हेतु नियोजन एवम् बाजारतंत्र का एक मध्य पथ है।’ व्याख्या कीजिये । ‘Indicative Planning, is a middle path of planning and market mechanism to ensure coordination between public and private activities.’ Explain.

Accepted Answer

Indicative planning is an economic approach that seeks to combine the benefits of centralized planning with the efficiency and dynamism of market mechanisms. It is indeed a 'middle path' that aims to ensure coordination between public and private activities without resorting to the rigid controls of a command economy or the potential failures of an unregulated free market. Understanding the 'Middle Path': 1. Contrast with Centralized Planning (Command Economy): In a centralized or command economy (e.g., the erstwhile Soviet Union), the state owns most means of production, sets production targets, allocates resources, and controls prices. There is minimal role for market forces or private initiative. Indicative planning differs fundamentally by not replacing the market but rather guiding it. 2. Contrast with Pure Market Mechanism (Laissez-faire): A pure market economy relies solely on supply and demand, with minimal government intervention. While efficient in some aspects, it can lead to market failures (e.g., externalities, public goods, monopolies), income inequality, and a lack of long-term strategic direction. Indicative planning intervenes to correct these failures and provide direction. How Indicative Planning Ensures Coordination: Indicative planning operates by setting broad economic goals and providing a framework within which both the public and private sectors can operate. It ensures coordination through several mechanisms: 1. Setting Broad Goals and Vision: The government formulates national economic goals, priorities, and a long-term vision (e.g., through Five-Year Plans in India's past, or NITI Aayog's strategic documents today). These provide a clear direction and a common understanding for both public and private actors, aligning their efforts towards national objectives. 2. Information Sharing and Dialogue: A key feature is extensive consultation and dialogue between the planning authority (government) and various stakeholders from the private sector

Question 5

आत्मनिर्भर भारत अभियान एक प्रगतिशील नीति है । विश्लेषण कीजिए । The Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan is a progressive policy. Analyse.

Accepted Answer

The Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan (Self-Reliant India Mission), launched in May 2020 in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, is indeed a progressive policy. It represents a strategic shift in India's economic philosophy, moving beyond short-term crisis management to a long-term vision of making India a self-reliant and globally competitive economy. Its progressive nature lies in its comprehensive approach, focusing on structural reforms, domestic capabilities, and inclusive growth. Core Pillars of Atmanirbhar Bharat: The mission is built on five pillars: 1. Economy: Aiming for a quantum jump, not incremental changes. 2. Infrastructure: Building modern infrastructure. 3. System: Leveraging technology-driven systems. 4. Demography: Utilizing India's vibrant demography. 5. Demand: Ensuring full utilization of demand and supply chain capabilities. Progressive Aspects of the Policy: 1. Boosting Domestic Manufacturing and Supply Chains: The policy's emphasis on 'Vocal for Local' and strengthening domestic production is progressive. It aims to reduce over-reliance on imports, foster local industries, create jobs, and enhance India's economic resilience against global shocks. This moves towards sustainable growth driven by internal strengths. 2. Support for MSMEs: A significant portion of the Atmanirbhar Bharat package focused on Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) through credit guarantees, equity infusion, and changes in definition. This is highly progressive as MSMEs are the backbone of the Indian economy, contributing significantly to employment and GDP. Empowering them leads to more inclusive growth and entrepreneurship. 3. Agricultural Reforms: The mission included landmark reforms in the agricultural sector, such as amending the Essential Commodities Act, promoting contract farming, and creating an Agri-Infrastructure Fund. These measures aim to liberalize agricultural markets, empower farmers to get better prices for their produce, attract private investment, a

Question 6

“भारतीय संघ का ढाँचा, कुछ असममित (असिमैटरिक) विशेषताओं के बावजूद, काफी हद तक सममित (सिमैटरिक) है।” भारत में भारित और विभेदित समानता के सिद्धान्त के माध्यम से राज्यों तथा केन्द्र शासित क्षेत्रों की स्थिति का परीक्षण कीजिए । "The Indian federal structure is largely symmetric albeit with some asymmetri

Accepted Answer

India's federal structure is a unique blend, often described as 'quasi-federal.' While it exhibits many symmetric features, implying uniform treatment for all constituent units, it also incorporates significant asymmetric elements. This asymmetry is not a flaw but a deliberate design choice, reflecting the principle of 'weighted and differentiated equality' to accommodate India's vast diversity and address historical, geographical, and socio-economic disparities among its states and Union Territories (UTs). Symmetric Features of Indian Federalism: Most states in India share a largely uniform constitutional framework: 1. Uniform Constitutional Provisions: The basic structure of governance, including the parliamentary system, fundamental rights, directive principles, and the three-tier judicial system, applies to most states. 2. Distribution of Powers: The Seventh Schedule, which divides legislative powers into Union, State, and Concurrent Lists, applies broadly to all states. 3. All-India Services: Officers of the All-India Services (IAS, IPS, IFS) serve in all states, maintaining a common administrative ethos. 4. Financial Devolution: The Finance Commission's recommendations for the distribution of central taxes and grants apply to all states, though the actual allocation may vary based on specific criteria. 5. Representation: While not strictly equal, representation in the Lok Sabha is based on population, and in the Rajya Sabha, states are represented, albeit not equally. Asymmetric Features of Indian Federalism: These features acknowledge the unique circumstances of certain units: 1. Special Provisions for Certain States (Article 371 and its variants): Articles 371, 371A-J provide special provisions for states like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Nagaland, Assam, Manipur, Andhra Pradesh, Sikkim, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, and Karnataka. These provisions address specific regional needs, protect cultural identities, or promote equitable development (e.g., special devel

Question 7

“मुख्य सचिव राज्य और केन्द्र सरकार के बीच मुख्य संचार-कड़ी है” । व्याख्या कीजिए । "The Chief Secretary is the chief communication link between the state and central government". Explain.

Accepted Answer

The Chief Secretary holds the most senior position in the civil services of a state and serves as the administrative head of the state secretariat. This pivotal role places them as the primary and most authoritative communication link between the state government and the Union (Central) government. Their functions are crucial for ensuring the smooth functioning of India's federal structure and the effective implementation of policies. Here's how the Chief Secretary acts as the chief communication link: 1. Primary Channel for Official Correspondence: All major official communications from the Union government to the state government, and vice-versa, typically pass through the Chief Secretary's office. This ensures that communication is formal, coordinated, and carries the weight of the entire state administration. Individual departments may communicate, but the Chief Secretary's office often acts as the central clearinghouse for critical inter-governmental exchanges. 2. Coordinator of State's Response: When the Central government seeks information, reports, or action from the state on various matters (e.g., law and order, development schemes, disaster relief), the Chief Secretary is responsible for coordinating the response from all relevant state departments. They compile the necessary information, ensure its accuracy and completeness, and then forward the consolidated response to the Centre. This prevents fragmented or contradictory communication from different state entities. 3. Representative at Inter-Governmental Forums: The Chief Secretary often represents the state in various high-level inter-state council meetings, national development council meetings, conferences of Chief Secretaries, and other forums where state and central officials interact. In these gatherings, they articulate the state's perspective, concerns, and requirements, acting as the state's principal spokesperson on administrative matters. 4. Overseeing Central Scheme Implementation: Many cent

Question 8

“भारत सरकार अधिनियम, 1935 भारतीय संविधान का सबसे महत्त्वपूर्ण स्रोत है।” इसकी विशेषताओं की पहचान कीजिए । "The Government of India Act, 1935 is the most important source of Indian constitution". Identify its features.

Accepted Answer

The Government of India Act, 1935 (GoI Act 1935) is widely regarded as the most significant single source of the Indian Constitution. While the framers of the Indian Constitution drew inspiration from various constitutions worldwide, a substantial portion of its structural and administrative details, as well as several key principles, were directly borrowed from or heavily influenced by the 1935 Act. This continuity was partly due to the familiarity of Indian leaders and administrators with its provisions. Here are the key features of the GoI Act 1935 and their reflections in the Indian Constitution: 1. Federal Scheme: The Act proposed an All-India Federation, comprising British Indian provinces and princely states (though the federation never fully materialized due to the refusal of princely states to join). The Indian Constitution adopted a federal structure with a strong centre, clearly demarcating powers between the Union and the States. 2. Provincial Autonomy: The Act granted autonomy to the provinces, abolishing dyarchy at the provincial level and making provinces responsible for their own administration. This laid the groundwork for the establishment of state governments with defined powers in independent India. 3. Distribution of Legislative Powers: The Act divided legislative powers between the Centre and provinces into three lists: Federal List, Provincial List, and Concurrent List. This tripartite division is almost entirely replicated in the Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution, which contains the Union List, State List, and Concurrent List. 4. Office of Governor: The Act provided for a Governor as the head of the provincial executive, appointed by the British Crown. The Indian Constitution retains the office of Governor, appointed by the President, with similar functions, acting as the constitutional head of the state and a link with the Centre. 5. Federal Court: The Act established a Federal Court in 1937 to interpret the Act and resolve dispute

Question 9

“मंत्रालयों एवम् विभागों में कार्यों का निर्बाध संपादन मन्त्रिमण्डलीय सचिवालय की भूमिका पर निर्भर करता है।” विवेचना कीजिये । "The smooth transaction of business in Ministries and Departments depends on the role played by Cabinet Secretariat". Discuss.

Accepted Answer

The Cabinet Secretariat plays a pivotal, albeit often understated, role in ensuring the smooth and efficient transaction of business across various ministries and departments of the Government of India. It acts as the administrative nerve centre of the Union Cabinet, providing crucial support that underpins the coherence, coordination, and effectiveness of governmental operations. Key Functions and Their Impact on Smooth Transaction: 1. Secretarial Assistance to the Cabinet: The primary function of the Cabinet Secretariat is to provide secretarial assistance to the Cabinet and its committees. This involves: Preparing Agenda: Compiling and circulating the agenda for Cabinet meetings, ensuring all relevant proposals and background papers from various ministries are properly presented. Recording Decisions: Accurately recording the decisions taken by the Cabinet and its committees. Circulating Decisions: Promptly communicating these decisions to the concerned ministries and departments for implementation. Follow-up Action: Monitoring the implementation of Cabinet decisions and ensuring that ministries take necessary follow-up actions. This systematic process is vital for timely decision-making and execution, preventing delays and ensuring that the government's collective will is translated into action. 2. Coordination Among Ministries: One of the most critical roles of the Cabinet Secretariat is to facilitate inter-ministerial coordination. In a complex governmental structure with numerous ministries, overlapping jurisdictions, and potential for conflicts, the Cabinet Secretariat acts as a neutral arbiter and facilitator: Resolving Disputes: It helps resolve differences and disputes between ministries on policy matters, preventing stalemates and ensuring a unified governmental approach. Ensuring Policy Coherence: It ensures that policies formulated by individual ministries are consistent with the overall government policy and do not contradict each other. Facilitating C

Question 10

“मुगल प्रशासनिक व्यवस्था केन्द्रीयकृत निरंकुशतावादी थी ।” टिप्पणी कीजिये । "Mughal administrative system was centralised despotism". Comment.

Accepted Answer

The statement that the Mughal administrative system was a 'centralised despotism' largely holds true, reflecting the absolute authority of the Emperor and the hierarchical structure of governance. At its core, the Mughal system was designed to concentrate power in the hands of the monarch, who was considered the ultimate source of all authority, often claiming divine sanction for his rule. Centralised Aspects: 1. Emperor's Absolute Authority: The Emperor was the supreme head of the executive, judiciary, and military. His word was law, and there were no institutional checks on his power. All major appointments, policy decisions, and judicial pronouncements emanated from him. 2. Hierarchical Bureaucracy: A vast and elaborate bureaucracy, comprising various departments and officials (like the Diwan for finance, Mir Bakhshi for military, Mir Saman for imperial household, and Sadr-us-Sudur for religious affairs), was directly accountable to the Emperor. These officials, known as Mansabdars, held ranks based on their military and civil responsibilities and were frequently transferred to prevent them from developing local power bases. 3. Uniform Revenue System: The land revenue system (Zabt, Dahsala) was centrally administered, ensuring a consistent flow of revenue to the imperial treasury. This system, though implemented locally, was designed and overseen by the central administration. 4. Military Control: The Emperor commanded a powerful standing army, and all military commanders (Mansabdars) were directly appointed by and loyal to him, ensuring military centralization. 5. Judicial System: The Emperor was the highest court of appeal, and justice was administered through a hierarchy of Qazis, with the ultimate authority resting with the Emperor. Despotic Aspects: 1. Lack of Constitutional Checks: There was no written constitution or independent judiciary that could challenge the Emperor's decisions. His will was paramount. 2. Arbitrary Power: While Mughal emperors often s

Question 11

“The financial suitability of the Urban local bodies can become a reality only when they receive their due share of public finances.” Explain.

Accepted Answer

Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in India, such as Municipal Corporations, Municipalities, and Nagar Panchayats, are constitutionally mandated (74th Amendment Act) to provide a wide range of essential services to urban citizens, including water supply, sanitation, waste management, public health, urban planning, and maintenance of local infrastructure. However, their 'financial suitability' or viability – their ability to generate sufficient revenue and manage finances effectively to meet these responsibilities – remains a significant challenge. The statement posits that this can only become a reality when they receive their 'due share of public finances,' which is largely true due to several systemic issues. Current Financial Status of ULBs: ULBs in India are generally characterized by weak financial health, marked by: 1. Limited Own Revenue Sources: Their primary own revenue sources include property tax, user charges for services, professional tax, and some minor fees. However, property tax collection is often inefficient due to outdated valuations, poor enforcement, and political interference. User charges are often below cost recovery levels. 2. High Dependence on State Grants: ULBs are heavily reliant on grants from state governments, which are often insufficient, unpredictable, delayed, and tied to specific schemes, limiting their autonomy and flexibility in spending. 3. Unfunded Mandates: State governments frequently devolve functions to ULBs without commensurate transfer of financial resources or powers to generate revenue, leading to 'unfunded mandates.' 4. Lack of Fiscal Autonomy: State governments often retain significant control over ULBs' taxation powers, including setting tax rates and assigning revenue sources, thereby curtailing their ability to raise adequate funds independently. 5. Poor Financial Management: Many ULBs suffer from inadequate financial management systems, poor accounting practices, and a lack of skilled personnel for budgeting and revenue c

Question 12

Despite the constitutional status, the District planning committees remained a non-entity in preparation and implementation of plans. Discuss.

Accepted Answer

The District Planning Committees (DPCs), established under Article 243ZD of the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, are mandated to consolidate plans prepared by Panchayats and Municipalities in the district and prepare a draft development plan for the entire district. This constitutional provision aimed to foster decentralized planning and ensure that local needs and priorities are reflected in development strategies. However, despite this constitutional backing, DPCs have largely remained ineffective and a 'non-entity' in practice. Several factors contribute to their non-functional status: 1. Lack of Political Will and Commitment: State governments have often been reluctant to genuinely devolve powers and responsibilities to DPCs, fearing a dilution of their own authority. This lack of political will at higher levels undermines the very purpose of these committees. 2. Dominance of District Administration: The District Collector or District Magistrate often continues to be the central figure in district planning, overshadowing the DPC. The DPC's role is frequently reduced to a rubber-stamping body for plans already formulated by the district administration or state departments. 3. Insufficient Financial Resources and Autonomy: DPCs often lack independent financial resources. They are heavily dependent on state grants, which are often tied to specific schemes, leaving little room for autonomous planning based on local priorities. The absence of a dedicated budget and financial powers cripples their ability to implement plans. 4. Lack of Technical Expertise and Support Staff: DPCs are often not equipped with the necessary technical expertise, planning staff, or data analysis capabilities to prepare comprehensive and integrated district plans. This forces them to rely on state-level departments or consultants, further reducing local ownership. 5. Absence of Clear Guidelines and Operational Procedures: Many states have not formulated clear and detailed rules and procedu

Question 13

“The Indian judicial system has failed to deliver justice expeditiously”. Examine the challenges faced by the judiciary and suggest measures to overcome them.

Accepted Answer

The statement that the Indian judicial system has failed to deliver justice expeditiously is largely accurate, evidenced by the massive backlog of cases and the inordinate delays in their disposal. This undermines public trust and the principle of 'justice delayed is justice denied.' The challenges faced by the judiciary are multifaceted: Challenges Faced by the Judiciary: 1. Case Pendency: A staggering number of cases are pending across all levels of the judiciary, from the Supreme Court to the subordinate courts. This backlog leads to prolonged trials, sometimes spanning decades, and contributes to a sense of disillusionment among litigants. 2. Judicial Vacancies: A significant number of judicial positions remain vacant at all levels. This shortage of judges places an immense burden on the existing judiciary, increasing their workload and slowing down the judicial process. 3. Inadequate Infrastructure: Many courts, especially at the lower levels, suffer from a lack of adequate physical infrastructure, including courtrooms, staff, and basic amenities. The adoption of modern technology is also uneven. 4. Procedural Delays: Complex and often outdated legal procedures, frequent adjournments, and the misuse of procedural provisions by litigants or lawyers contribute significantly to delays. The adversarial system, while fundamental, can be exploited to prolong proceedings. 5. Lack of Specialization: Judges often handle a wide array of cases, from civil and criminal to constitutional and commercial matters, without sufficient specialization. This can impact the speed and quality of judgments in complex areas. 6. Cost of Justice: The high cost of litigation, including legal fees and court expenses, makes justice inaccessible for a large segment of the population, particularly the poor and marginalized. 7. Executive Interference: While judicial independence is a cornerstone, concerns about executive interference in judicial appointments and resource allocation sometimes a

Question 14

Analyse the specific areas of controversies with regard to Union-State financial relations, particularly in the context of one nation – one tax policy.

Accepted Answer

Union-State financial relations in India are a critical aspect of its federal structure, often characterized by inherent tensions and controversies. These relations are governed by constitutional provisions (Articles 268-281) and the recommendations of the Finance Commission. The introduction of the 'One Nation – One Tax' policy, primarily through the Goods and Services Tax (GST), has added new dimensions to these controversies. General Areas of Controversy in Union-State Financial Relations: 1. Resource Allocation and Vertical Imbalance: States often argue that the Union government controls a disproportionately large share of revenue sources, leading to a 'vertical imbalance' where states have more expenditure responsibilities but fewer revenue-generating powers. They frequently demand a larger share in the divisible pool of central taxes. 2. Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS): States often express concerns over the proliferation of CSS, which come with specific conditions and matching grant requirements. They argue that these schemes reduce their fiscal autonomy, force them to prioritize central objectives over local needs, and strain their budgets. 3. Discretionary Grants: States prefer statutory transfers (recommended by the Finance Commission) over discretionary grants (like those from the NITI Aayog), as the latter can be perceived as arbitrary or politically motivated, lacking transparency and predictability. 4. Borrowing Powers: States' borrowing powers are subject to central government approval, especially if they are indebted to the Centre. This restriction is often viewed by states as an infringement on their fiscal autonomy. 5. Cesses and Surcharges: The Union government's increasing reliance on cesses and surcharges, which are not part of the divisible pool of taxes shared with states, reduces the overall share of states in central revenues, leading to resentment. Controversies in the Context of 'One Nation – One Tax' (GST): 1. Loss of Fiscal Autonomy: T

Question 15

Examine the role of central government in adjudication of disputes relating to water of interstate rivers.

Accepted Answer

Water, being a vital and often scarce resource, frequently becomes a source of dispute between states, particularly concerning inter-state rivers. The Indian Constitution, recognizing this potential for conflict, assigns a significant role to the Central Government in the adjudication of such disputes. This role is primarily derived from Article 262 of the Constitution and the Inter-State River Water Disputes Act, 1956. Constitutional Framework: Entry 17 of State List: Deals with water supply, irrigation, canals, drainage, embankments, water storage, and water power, subject to Entry 56 of the Union List. Entry 56 of Union List: Empowers Parliament to regulate and develop inter-State rivers and river valleys if declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest. Article 262: Explicitly states that Parliament may by law provide for the adjudication of any dispute or complaint with respect to the use, distribution, or control of the waters of, or in, any inter-State river or river valley. It also allows Parliament to exclude the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court or any other court in such disputes. Role of the Central Government: 1. Mediation and Negotiation: The Central Government, primarily through the Ministry of Jal Shakti (formerly Ministry of Water Resources), often acts as the first point of contact and facilitator for resolving inter-state water disputes. It encourages and mediates negotiations between the disputing states to reach an amicable settlement without resorting to formal adjudication. 2. Establishment of Tribunals: If negotiations fail, and a state government requests the Centre, the Central Government is empowered by the Inter-State River Water Disputes Act, 1956, to constitute an Inter-State River Water Disputes Tribunal (ISRWD Tribunal). This is a crucial adjudicatory role, as these tribunals are specifically designed to resolve complex water-sharing issues. 3. Appointment of Tribunal Members: The Central Government appoints the

Question 16

Examine the lateral entry recruitment in government in the context of Part XIV of the Indian Constitution.

Accepted Answer

Lateral entry refers to the induction of specialists and experts from the private sector or other government organizations into government at senior levels (e.g., Joint Secretary, Director) without going through the traditional competitive examinations conducted by Public Service Commissions. This practice is examined in the context of Part XIV of the Indian Constitution, which deals with 'Services under the Union and the States.' Part XIV of the Indian Constitution and its Relevance: Article 309: This article empowers Parliament and State Legislatures to regulate the recruitment and conditions of service of persons appointed to public services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union or of any State. This is the foundational article that allows the government to frame rules for recruitment, including lateral entry. Article 311: Provides safeguards to civil servants against arbitrary dismissal, removal, or reduction in rank. While lateral entrants may not initially have the same tenure protection as permanent civil servants, their terms of appointment would typically specify conditions of service and termination, which must be fair and reasonable. Articles 315-323 (Public Service Commissions): These articles establish the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) and State Public Service Commissions (SPSCs) primarily for conducting examinations for appointments to services of the Union and the States, respectively. While traditional recruitment is through these commissions, lateral entry can also involve their advisory role or a specialized selection process overseen by them. Lateral Entry in the Context of Part XIV: 1. Constitutional Validity (Article 309): Lateral entry is constitutionally permissible under Article 309. The government, through its rule-making power, can define the method of recruitment, qualifications, and selection criteria for specific posts. This allows for the creation of a selection process tailored to attract specialized talent fro

Question 17

Examine the role of Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) in protecting the interests of the investors in securities.

Accepted Answer

The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is the primary regulator of the securities market in India, established in 1988 and granted statutory powers in 1992 through the SEBI Act. Its overarching objective, as enshrined in its preamble, is to protect the interests of investors in securities, promote the development of the securities market, and regulate it. SEBI plays a crucial and multi-faceted role in safeguarding investor interests: 1. Regulation of Market Intermediaries: SEBI registers and regulates various market intermediaries such as stockbrokers, sub-brokers, merchant bankers, registrars, share transfer agents, and mutual funds. By setting stringent eligibility criteria, prescribing codes of conduct, and conducting regular inspections, SEBI ensures that these entities operate ethically, transparently, and in the best interest of their clients, thereby protecting investors from malpractices. 2. Ensuring Disclosure and Transparency: SEBI mandates comprehensive disclosure requirements for companies issuing securities (e.g., through Initial Public Offerings or IPOs) and for listed companies. This includes detailed information in offer documents (prospectus), continuous disclosures of financial results, corporate governance reports, and price-sensitive information. This ensures that investors have access to accurate, adequate, and timely information to make informed investment decisions. 3. Prohibition of Fraudulent and Unfair Trade Practices: A core function of SEBI is to prevent and penalize market manipulation, insider trading, front-running, and other fraudulent and unfair trade practices. It has robust surveillance systems to detect such activities and takes strict enforcement actions, including imposing penalties, debarring individuals/entities, and initiating criminal proceedings, to maintain market integrity and protect investors from exploitation. 4. Investor Education and Awareness: SEBI actively promotes investor education and awareness throug

Question 18

Citizens charters in India have not succeeded in their objectives in making administrative system citizen centric. Do you agree? Give reasons.

Accepted Answer

I largely agree with the statement that Citizens' Charters in India have not fully succeeded in their objectives of making the administrative system citizen-centric. While the concept is laudable and aims to empower citizens by clearly defining service standards, grievance redressal mechanisms, and accountability, their implementation in India has faced significant challenges, leading to limited impact. Reasons for the limited success of Citizens' Charters in India: 1. Lack of Awareness and Publicity: A significant portion of the citizenry, and even many public servants, are unaware of the existence, contents, or implications of Citizens' Charters. Without widespread awareness, citizens cannot demand their rights, and public servants may not feel obligated to adhere to the commitments. 2. Lack of Consultation and Ownership: Charters are often formulated unilaterally by government departments without adequate consultation with citizens, civil society organizations, or even frontline staff. This top-down approach leads to unrealistic promises, a lack of relevance to actual citizen needs, and a lack of ownership among the implementing staff. 3. Generic and Vague Commitments: Many charters are generic, vague, and lack specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) service standards. They often contain broad statements of intent rather than concrete commitments, making it difficult to assess performance or hold officials accountable. 4. Absence of Effective Grievance Redressal Mechanisms: While charters often mention grievance redressal, the mechanisms are frequently weak, non-transparent, or ineffective. There is often no clear escalation matrix, time-bound resolution, or independent oversight, leading to citizen frustration. 5. Non-binding Nature and Lack of Penalties: Most Citizens' Charters in India are advisory and not legally enforceable. There are no explicit provisions for penalties or consequences for non-compliance by public servants, which

Question 19

Following the onset of globalisation, the traditional bureaucratic model appears to have lost its significance. Comment.

Accepted Answer

The traditional bureaucratic model, largely based on Max Weber's ideal type, emphasizes hierarchy, rules-based decision-making, impersonality, specialization, merit-based recruitment, permanence, and neutrality. While this model brought order, efficiency, and fairness to public administration in the industrial era, the onset of globalization has indeed challenged its significance, leading to a perceived loss of relevance in many aspects. How Globalization Challenges the Traditional Bureaucratic Model: 1. Demand for Speed and Agility: Globalization is characterized by rapid technological advancements, dynamic markets, and interconnected global challenges. The traditional bureaucracy, with its rigid rules, hierarchical structure, and slow decision-making processes, struggles to adapt quickly to these fast-changing environments. There's a demand for more agile, flexible, and responsive governance. 2. Focus on Efficiency and Outcomes: Global competition and market-driven economies emphasize efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and measurable outcomes. Traditional bureaucracy, often criticized for prioritizing process over results, can appear inefficient and wasteful in this context. There's a shift towards 'New Public Management' principles focusing on performance and results. 3. Transparency and Accountability: Globalization has fostered a global civil society and increased demands for transparency and accountability in governance. The traditional bureaucratic model, with its emphasis on official secrecy and internal accountability, often falls short of these expectations, leading to calls for greater openness and external oversight. 4. Citizen-Centric Governance: Global trends advocate for governance that is responsive, participatory, and citizen-centric. The impersonal and rule-bound nature of traditional bureaucracy can be perceived as distant and unresponsive to individual citizen needs, leading to demands for more customer-oriented public services. 5. Need for Speciali

Question 20

The recommendations of National Finance Commissions are more norms based than the need based. In the light of this statement analyse the terms of references of 15th National Finance Commission.

Accepted Answer

Finance Commissions (FCs) in India are constitutional bodies established under Article 280 of the Constitution to recommend the distribution of tax revenues between the Union and the States, and among the States themselves. Their recommendations are crucial for fiscal federalism. The statement suggests that FC recommendations are predominantly 'norms-based' rather than 'need-based'. Norms-based recommendations typically rely on objective criteria, formulas, and principles that are uniformly applied across states. These might include population, area, forest cover, income distance, tax effort, and demographic performance. The aim is to ensure equity and efficiency based on measurable indicators. Need-based recommendations, on the other hand, would focus more on the specific developmental requirements, socio-economic backwardness, unique challenges (like disaster relief, special category status), and expenditure needs of individual states, which might not be fully captured by a formulaic approach. This approach aims to address disparities and ensure adequate resources for states facing particular disadvantages. Historically, FCs have used a combination of both, but with a strong emphasis on objective criteria to ensure fairness and reduce discretion. The 15th Finance Commission (15th FC), constituted in 2017, had a broad and significant set of Terms of Reference (ToR) that reflected both these approaches, though with some new considerations. Analysis of 15th FC's Terms of Reference: 1. Population Data (Norms-based with a twist): The 15th FC was asked to use the 2011 Census data for population, unlike previous commissions that used the 1971 Census. While population is a norms-based criterion, shifting to 2011 data was controversial as it potentially penalized states that had successfully controlled their population growth. This introduced a 'performance' element, but also raised concerns about 'need' for states with higher population growth. 2. Income Distance (Norms-b

Question 21

Examine the role of Lokpal in ensuring transparency and accountability in Indian administration.

Accepted Answer

The Lokpal, established under The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, is an anti-corruption ombudsman institution in India. Its creation was a response to a long-standing demand for an independent and credible body to investigate allegations of corruption against public functionaries, including high-ranking officials. The primary objective of the Lokpal is to ensure transparency and accountability in Indian administration by providing a mechanism for citizens to report corruption and for the state to act on such complaints. Role of Lokpal in Ensuring Transparency: 1. Investigation of Corruption: The Lokpal's core function is to investigate allegations of corruption against public servants. By initiating inquiries and investigations into complaints, it brings to light hidden corrupt practices, misuse of power, and financial irregularities that might otherwise remain concealed. This process inherently promotes transparency by exposing wrongdoing. 2. Asset Declaration: The Act mandates public servants to declare their assets and liabilities, as well as those of their dependents. This provision, overseen by the Lokpal, aims to bring financial transparency among public officials, making it difficult for them to accumulate illicit wealth without scrutiny. 3. Public Scrutiny and Deterrence: The very existence of an independent Lokpal acts as a deterrent against corrupt practices. Public servants are aware that their actions can be investigated, which encourages them to act transparently and adhere to ethical standards. The potential for public exposure through Lokpal's investigations fosters a culture of openness. 4. Reporting and Recommendations: Lokpal's reports on investigations, even if they don't always lead to prosecution, can highlight systemic issues, procedural flaws, and areas vulnerable to corruption. These reports can be made public, leading to greater transparency in administrative functioning and prompting necessary reforms. Role of Lokpal in Ensuring Accountabi

Question 22

The effectiveness of law and order administration depends on cooperative attitudes of people towards police, than bringing reforms in the structure and procedures of law and order machinery. Do you agree? Give reasons.

Accepted Answer

The statement presents a dichotomy, suggesting that public cooperation is more critical for effective law and order administration than structural and procedural reforms within the police machinery. While public cooperation is undoubtedly vital, this assertion creates a false choice. I disagree with the premise that one is more important than the other; both are interdependent and equally crucial for effective law and order. Why Cooperative Attitudes of People are Essential: 1. Information and Intelligence: Police rely heavily on public cooperation for intelligence gathering, reporting of crimes, and identifying suspects. Without public trust and willingness to share information, crime detection rates plummet. 2. Witness Testimony: Successful prosecution of criminals often depends on credible witness testimony. If people fear the police or lack confidence in the justice system, they will be reluctant to come forward as witnesses. 3. Community Policing: Initiatives like community policing, which aim to build partnerships between the police and local communities, are entirely predicated on cooperative attitudes. These programs are effective in crime prevention and maintaining peace. 4. Maintenance of Peace and Order: A cooperative public is more likely to adhere to laws, participate in maintaining public order, and assist police during emergencies or disasters. 5. Legitimacy and Trust: When the public cooperates with the police, it signifies a level of trust and legitimacy in the law enforcement system, which is fundamental for a stable society. Why Reforms in Structure and Procedures are Equally Essential: While public cooperation is vital, it cannot be sustained or even initiated if the police machinery itself is flawed. Structural and procedural reforms are foundational for building the very trust that fosters cooperation: 1. Professionalism and Accountability: Reforms aimed at improving police training, promoting ethical conduct, and establishing robust accountabi

Question 23

The main objective of Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 is to enable tribal society to assume control over their livelihoods and traditional rights. Critically examine the implementation of the Act.

Accepted Answer

The Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996, popularly known as PESA, is a landmark legislation enacted by the Indian Parliament to extend the provisions of Part IX of the Constitution (Panchayats) to the Scheduled Areas, with certain modifications and exceptions. The primary objective of PESA is indeed to enable tribal communities to assume control over their own destiny, particularly concerning their livelihoods, traditional rights, and natural resources, thereby promoting self-governance and preserving their unique cultural identity. Main Objectives of PESA: 1. Self-Governance: To ensure that tribal communities govern themselves through their own Gram Sabhas (village assemblies) and traditional practices. 2. Protection of Traditional Rights: To safeguard the customs, religious practices, and traditional management practices of community resources. 3. Control over Natural Resources: To empower Gram Sabhas with control over minor forest produce, minor minerals, and water bodies, and to mandate their consultation for land acquisition and resettlement. 4. Livelihood Security: By giving control over resources, PESA aims to enhance livelihood opportunities and prevent exploitation of tribal communities. 5. Prevention of Exploitation: To prevent land alienation, control money lending, and manage village markets. 6. Role of Gram Sabha: To make the Gram Sabha the central authority for all decisions concerning the village, including approval of development plans and identification of beneficiaries. Critical Examination of Implementation: Despite its noble objectives and transformative potential, the implementation of PESA over the past two decades has been largely unsatisfactory and fraught with challenges, leading to a significant gap between its spirit and ground reality. Challenges and Failures in Implementation: 1. Lack of Political Will: State governments, which are responsible for enacting their own PESA-compliant laws, have often shown a lack of politica

Question 24

Do you think that the new localism relegate the spirit of 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992?

Accepted Answer

The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act (CAA), enacted in 1992, was a landmark legislation aimed at strengthening democratic decentralization in urban areas of India. Its spirit was to empower Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) – Municipal Corporations, Municipal Councils, and Nagar Panchayats – as institutions of self-government. The Act sought to ensure regular elections, provide for a State Election Commission, establish a State Finance Commission, and devolve powers, functions, and finances to these local bodies, thereby bringing governance closer to the people. The Spirit of the 74th CAA: Democratic Decentralization: To establish a third tier of government at the urban level, ensuring local self-governance. Empowerment of ULBs: To provide constitutional sanctity and functional autonomy to ULBs. Citizen Participation: To facilitate greater citizen involvement in urban planning and decision-making. Devolution of '3 Fs': To ensure the devolution of Functions, Funds, and Functionaries from state governments to ULBs. Urban Planning: To make ULBs responsible for urban planning, including the preparation of development plans. 'New Localism' and its potential impact: The term 'new localism' can be interpreted in various ways, but in the context of its potential to 'relegate' the spirit of the 74th CAA, it often refers to trends that undermine the autonomy and authority of elected ULBs. These trends include: 1. Rise of Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) and Parastatal Bodies: Many urban development projects, especially large-scale initiatives like Smart Cities Mission, are implemented through SPVs or parastatal bodies (e.g., development authorities, water boards). These bodies often operate outside the direct control of elected ULBs, are managed by state-appointed bureaucrats, and have independent funding mechanisms. This creates a parallel governance structure, bypassing the democratically elected local government. 2. Centralization of Power at the State Level: State governments oft

Question 25

Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) is today a primary cause of widespread and paralysing unwillingness on the part of government institutions to decide and act. Discuss.

Accepted Answer

The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India is a constitutional authority established under Article 148, serving as the supreme audit institution of the country. Its primary role is to audit all receipts and expenditure of the Union and State governments, as well as government companies and corporations, ensuring financial accountability and transparency. Traditionally, the CAG has been hailed as a 'watchdog of public purse' and a 'friend, philosopher, and guide' to the Public Accounts Committee. However, the statement posits a controversial view: that the CAG has become a 'primary cause of widespread and paralysing unwillingness on the part of government institutions to decide and act.' This perspective, often termed 'audit paralysis' or 'policy paralysis,' gained prominence in the aftermath of several high-profile CAG reports that highlighted massive presumptive losses (e.g., 2G spectrum allocation, coal block allocation) during the early 2010s. Arguments supporting the 'audit paralysis' view: 1. Fear of Ex-Post Facto Scrutiny: Bureaucrats and decision-makers often fear that any decision, especially those involving large sums or complex projects, might be subjected to intense scrutiny by the CAG years later. This fear can lead to excessive caution, delaying or even avoiding decisions that involve perceived risks, even if those risks are necessary for development. 2. Focus on 'Presumptive Loss': CAG reports, particularly in the past, sometimes focused on 'presumptive loss' figures, which were often large and sensationalized by the media. This created an environment where officials were more concerned about avoiding potential audit criticism than about achieving policy objectives or taking proactive steps. 3. Lack of Protection for Honest Decisions: Officials feel that there is inadequate protection for honest mistakes or bona fide decisions made in good faith, especially when the outcomes are not as expected. The audit process, being retrospective, might not

Question 26

In India, for the upliftment of majority of people, governmental intervention remains a central fact of life. Nevertheless, the effective implementation of policies depends on the ethical values of Public Servants. Discuss.

Accepted Answer

India, as a welfare state with a vast and diverse population, has historically relied heavily on governmental intervention to address socio-economic disparities, promote development, and ensure the upliftment of its majority. From poverty alleviation programs and public health initiatives to education schemes and infrastructure development, the government's role is pervasive and central to the lives of its citizens. Governmental Intervention as a Central Fact of Life: 1. Welfare State Mandate: The Directive Principles of State Policy in the Indian Constitution mandate the state to promote the welfare of the people by securing a social order in which justice, social, economic, and political, shall inform all the institutions of national life. 2. Addressing Market Failures: In areas like public goods (e.g., defense, infrastructure) and externalities (e.g., pollution), market mechanisms often fail, necessitating government intervention. 3. Poverty and Inequality: With a significant portion of the population still living below the poverty line and facing deep-rooted inequalities, government schemes like MGNREGA, Public Distribution System (PDS), Ayushman Bharat, and various housing and education programs are critical for survival and upward mobility. 4. Developmental Goals: Large-scale infrastructure projects, industrial policies, and agricultural support systems are driven by government initiatives to foster economic growth and development. 5. Social Justice: Affirmative action policies, reservations, and targeted programs for marginalized communities are essential for achieving social justice and inclusion. Given this extensive role, the success or failure of these interventions directly impacts the lives of millions. However, the mere formulation of well-intentioned policies is insufficient. Their effective implementation is paramount, and this is where the ethical values of public servants become critically important. Dependence on Ethical Values of Public Servants

Question 27

Parliamentary control over administration is no substitute for judicial control. Comment.

Accepted Answer

The statement highlights a fundamental principle of democratic governance: the distinct yet complementary roles of the legislative and judicial branches in overseeing the executive administration. Parliamentary control and judicial control are both vital checks and balances, but they operate on different principles, with different objectives, and thus, one cannot substitute the other. Parliamentary Control over Administration: Parliamentary control refers to the mechanisms through which the legislature (Parliament) holds the executive (administration) accountable. Its primary objective is to ensure political accountability, policy oversight, and responsiveness of the government to the will of the people as represented by their elected representatives. Key mechanisms include: Question Hour and Zero Hour: Members of Parliament can ask questions to ministers on various aspects of administration, seeking information and accountability. Debates and Discussions: On policies, bills, and issues of public importance. Budgetary Control: Parliament approves the budget, scrutinizes expenditure, and can even cut grants, ensuring financial accountability. Parliamentary Committees: Standing committees, ad-hoc committees, and public accounts committees scrutinize departmental functioning, financial irregularities, and policy implementation in detail. Motions: Adjournment motions, censure motions, and no-confidence motions can be used to express disapproval or remove the government. Limitations of Parliamentary Control: Political Nature: Often driven by party politics, leading to partisan debates rather than objective scrutiny. Time Constraints: Parliament has limited time to delve into the intricacies of administration. Lack of Expertise: MPs may not always possess the specialized knowledge required for detailed administrative oversight. Executive Dominance: In a parliamentary system, the executive often enjoys a majority in the legislature, which can dilute effective control. Judi

Question 28

"The objective of Mission Karmyogi is to enhance capacity building of Indian Civil Servants and improve governance." Discuss.

Accepted Answer

Mission Karmayogi, officially known as the National Programme for Civil Services Capacity Building (NPCSCB), is a transformative initiative launched by the Government of India in 2020. The statement accurately encapsulates its core objectives: enhancing the capacity of Indian Civil Servants and, consequently, improving governance. This mission represents a paradigm shift from rule-based to role-based human resource management in the civil services. Enhancing Capacity Building of Indian Civil Servants: Mission Karmayogi aims to equip civil servants with the right attitude, skills, and knowledge (ASK) to meet the challenges of a rapidly changing world and deliver citizen-centric services effectively. This capacity building is multi-faceted: 1. Competency-Based Learning: It moves away from traditional, generic training to a competency-based framework. This means identifying specific competencies (functional, behavioral, and domain-specific) required for various roles and then designing learning pathways to develop these competencies. 2. iGOT-Karmayogi Platform: A central pillar of the mission is the Integrated Government Online Training (iGOT) Karmayogi platform. This digital platform serves as a comprehensive online learning hub, offering a vast array of courses, content, and resources. It enables 'anytime, anywhere' learning, allowing civil servants to acquire new skills and knowledge at their own pace and convenience. 3. Continuous Learning and Self-Driven Development: The mission promotes a culture of continuous learning. Civil servants are encouraged to identify their learning needs based on their roles and career aspirations and utilize the iGOT platform for self-driven professional development. 4. Institutional Framework: It establishes a robust institutional framework, including the Prime Minister's Public Human Resources (HR) Council, Capacity Building Commission, and a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) for iGOT-Karmayogi, to oversee and implement the program effe

Public Administration Optional 2022 Paper II

28 Questions Available

Public Administration Optional 2022 Paper II

28 Questions Available

Question 5: आत्मनिर्भर भारत अभियान एक प्रगतिशील नीति है । विश्लेषण कीजिए । The Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan is a progressive policy. Analyse.

Question 7: “मुख्य सचिव राज्य और केन्द्र सरकार के बीच मुख्य संचार-कड़ी है” । व्याख्या कीजिए । "The Chief Secretary is the chief communication link between the sta

Question 10: “मुगल प्रशासनिक व्यवस्था केन्द्रीयकृत निरंकुशतावादी थी ।” टिप्पणी कीजिये । "Mughal administrative system was centralised despotism". Comment.

Question 11: “The financial suitability of the Urban local bodies can become a reality only when they receive their due share of public finances.” Explain.

Question 12: Despite the constitutional status, the District planning committees remained a non-entity in preparation and implementation of plans. Discuss.

Question 13: “The Indian judicial system has failed to deliver justice expeditiously”. Examine the challenges faced by the judiciary and suggest measures to overco

Question 14: Analyse the specific areas of controversies with regard to Union-State financial relations, particularly in the context of one nation – one tax policy

Question 15: Examine the role of central government in adjudication of disputes relating to water of interstate rivers.

Question 16: Examine the lateral entry recruitment in government in the context of Part XIV of the Indian Constitution.

Question 17: Examine the role of Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) in protecting the interests of the investors in securities.

Question 18: Citizens charters in India have not succeeded in their objectives in making administrative system citizen centric. Do you agree? Give reasons.

Question 19: Following the onset of globalisation, the traditional bureaucratic model appears to have lost its significance. Comment.

Question 20: The recommendations of National Finance Commissions are more norms based than the need based. In the light of this statement analyse the terms of refe

Question 21: Examine the role of Lokpal in ensuring transparency and accountability in Indian administration.

Question 22: The effectiveness of law and order administration depends on cooperative attitudes of people towards police, than bringing reforms in the structure an

Question 23: The main objective of Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 is to enable tribal society to assume control over their livelihoods and tra

Question 24: Do you think that the new localism relegate the spirit of 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992?

Question 25: Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) is today a primary cause of widespread and paralysing unwillingness on the part of government institutions to de

Question 26: In India, for the upliftment of majority of people, governmental intervention remains a central fact of life. Nevertheless, the effective implementati

Question 27: Parliamentary control over administration is no substitute for judicial control. Comment.

Question 28: "The objective of Mission Karmyogi is to enhance capacity building of Indian Civil Servants and improve governance." Discuss.