India has a rich history of diverse environmental movements, often emerging in response to development projects that threaten local livelihoods, natural resources, and cultural heritage. These movements reflect a complex interplay of ecological concerns, social justice, and indigenous rights. Early and iconic movements include the Chipko Movement (1970s, Uttarakhand), where rural women hugged trees to prevent logging, highlighting forest conservation, local livelihoods, and women's agency. The Appiko Movement in Karnataka and the Silent Valley Movement in Kerala similarly protested deforestation and hydroelectric projects, respectively, emphasizing biodiversity protection. Anti-dam movements, most notably the Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) against the Sardar Sarovar Dam, have mobilized thousands, protesting displacement of tribal communities, loss of livelihoods, and environmental degradation, employing strategies ranging from legal battles to mass protests and international advocacy. Anti-mining movements, such as the Dongria Kondh's resistance against bauxite mining in Odisha's Niyamgiri hills, focus on protecting sacred sites and tribal rights. Movements against industrial pollution, often localized, target polluting factories affecting air, water, and soil quality, demanding corporate accountability and environmental justice. Furthermore, there are movements for sustainable livelihoods and rights, including fisherfolk movements against industrial trawling and coastal zone degradation, farmers' movements advocating for organic farming and fair prices, and forest rights movements demanding the implementation of the Forest Rights Act (FRA) 2006 to recognize community rights over forest resources. More recently, urban environmentalism has gained traction, with citizen groups advocating for clean air, water, waste management, and green spaces. These movements are characterized by diverse actors, often linking local struggles to national and global environmental concerns, challenging dominant development paradigms, and employing a range of strategies to advocate for ecological sustainability and social equity.