Andre Beteille, a distinguished Indian sociologist, has extensively analyzed social stratification in India, moving beyond a sole focus on caste to include class. He justifies the existence and significance of a 'middle class' in India by examining its distinct characteristics, roles, and its emergence as a significant social category.

Beteille argues that while caste remains an important aspect of Indian society, the forces of modernization, industrialization, and urbanization have led to the growth of a class structure, with the middle class being a crucial component. His justification rests on several pillars:

1. Economic Criteria and Occupation: Beteille acknowledges that the middle class is primarily defined by its economic position, characterized by salaried employment, professional occupations (doctors, engineers, teachers, civil servants, managers), and a certain level of income that affords a comfortable lifestyle. This distinguishes them from both the wealthy elite and the working class/poor.

2. Educational Attainment: Education is a key differentiator. The Indian middle class places a high premium on formal education, particularly English-medium education, as a means of upward social mobility and access to professional careers. Educational qualifications are seen as crucial for securing white-collar jobs and maintaining their social standing.

3. Cultural Capital and Lifestyle: The middle class often shares a distinct set of values, aspirations, and consumption patterns. This includes a preference for nuclear families, a focus on children's education, adoption of modern consumer goods, and engagement with global cultural trends. They often act as cultural trendsetters, influencing broader societal norms and aspirations.

4. Social Mobility: The middle class serves as a crucial bridge for social mobility. Individuals from lower castes or rural backgrounds can, through education and professional achievement, ascend into the middle class. Conversely, economic downturns can lead to downward mobility. This dynamic nature highlights its role in shaping the broader social hierarchy.

5. Political and Social Influence: Beteille recognizes the significant political and social influence wielded by the middle class. They are often vocal in public discourse, participate actively in civil society, and demand good governance, accountability, and development. Their aspirations and concerns frequently shape policy debates and political agendas.

6. Distinction from Traditional Hierarchies: While caste background can influence entry into the middle class, Beteille emphasizes that the middle class as a category transcends traditional caste boundaries. It represents a new form of stratification based on achievement, merit, and lifestyle, rather than solely on ascriptive status.

Beteille would also highlight the internal heterogeneity of the Indian middle class, acknowledging its diversity in terms of regional, linguistic, religious, and even caste backgrounds. Despite this diversity, he maintains that a shared economic position, educational background, and cultural outlook provide a coherent basis for identifying it as a distinct and influential social class in contemporary India.