Technology has been a pivotal driver of agrarian change in India, transforming agricultural practices, productivity, and rural livelihoods. The most significant technological intervention was the Green Revolution in the 1960s, which introduced High-Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilizers, and modern irrigation techniques. This led to a dramatic increase in food grain production, making India self-sufficient and averting widespread famine. However, it also led to regional disparities and environmental concerns like soil degradation and water depletion.

Subsequent technological advancements have continued to reshape the sector. Mechanization, through the use of tractors, harvesters, and power tillers, has reduced manual labor, increased efficiency, and shortened cultivation cycles. Biotechnology, including genetically modified (GM) crops like Bt cotton, has offered solutions for pest resistance and increased yields, though it also raises debates about environmental impact and farmer dependence on seed companies. Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) are increasingly playing a role, with mobile apps providing weather advisories, market prices (e-NAM), and agricultural best practices directly to farmers, enhancing their decision-making capabilities.

Precision agriculture, utilizing drones, sensors, and GPS technology, is emerging to optimize resource use (water, fertilizers) and improve crop management. While technology has undeniably boosted productivity and incomes for many, it has also contributed to the digital divide, benefiting larger farmers more than small and marginal ones who lack access or capital. The challenge lies in ensuring equitable access to technology and mitigating its potential negative environmental and social consequences to foster inclusive and sustainable agrarian change.