The textual perspective, often referred to as Indology or the Indological approach, emphasizes the study of ancient Indian texts (like Vedas, Upanishads, Dharmashastras, Epics, Puranas, etc.) to understand Indian society. Proponents of this approach, such as G.S. Ghurye and Louis Dumont, argue that these texts provide a deep insight into the foundational principles, values, and structures that have shaped Indian social institutions over millennia. For instance, the concept of Varna and Jati, the principles of Dharma and Karma, the institution of family and marriage, and the philosophical underpinnings of Indian thought are extensively documented in these scriptures.

This perspective is crucial because it allows sociologists to grasp the 'emic' (insider's) view of Indian society, understanding how people themselves conceptualized their social order. It helps in identifying the unique characteristics and historical trajectories of Indian institutions, distinguishing them from Western models. For example, Dumont's work on the caste system, 'Homo Hierarchicus,' heavily relies on textual analysis to argue that hierarchy, rather than equality, is the fundamental principle of Indian society, rooted in religious beliefs about purity and pollution.

However, the textual perspective also faces criticism. Critics argue that texts often represent the ideals and norms of the elite, particularly Brahminical traditions, and may not accurately reflect the lived realities, diversity, and contradictions of everyday life for all sections of society, especially marginalized groups. They might overlook regional variations, historical changes, and the agency of individuals. Despite these limitations, the textual perspective remains an indispensable tool for understanding the historical depth, cultural continuity, and unique conceptual frameworks that underpin the Indian social system, providing a vital foundation upon which empirical and field-based studies can build.